Chapter 1

Question 1

Phases of Group Development

Answer 1

1- origin phase
2- orientation phase
3- intermediate phase
4- conflict phase
5- cohesion phase
6- maturation phase
7- termination phase

Question 2

Origin phase

Answer 2

members. ..
- learn what the group is about
- make preliminary commitment to group
- develop initial connections with other members

Question 3

Intermediate phase

Answer 3

members develop interpersonal bonds, group norms and specialized member roles through involvement in goal directed activities and clarification of group purpose

Question 4

Conflict phase

Answer 4

• members challenge group structure, purpose, and processes
• characterized by dissension and disagreement
• group progression to next phase requires successful resolution at this phase

Question 5

Cohesion phase

Answer 5

• members regroup with a clearer sense of purpose and reaffirmation of group norms and values
• increased group stability

Question 6

Maturation phase

Answer 6

members use energy and skills to be productive and to achieve group goals

Question 7

Termination phase

Answer 7

dissolution of the group due to

• lack of engagement of members
• inability to solve group problems
• administrative constraints
• goal attainment or task accomplishment

Question 8

Group Roles:

Instrumental roles

Answer 8

• functional
  -help the group select, plan and complete tasks
  ex- initiator, organizer

Question 9

Group Roles:

Expressive roles

Answer 9

• functional
• support and maintain the overall group and to meet members’ needs
• ex- encourager, compromiser

Question 10

Group Roles:

Individual roles

Answer 10

• dysfunctional/ contrary to group roles
• serve an individual purpose
• interfere with successful group functioning
• ex- aggressor, blocker

Question 11

Therapeutic Group Norms

Answer 11

1- encourage self reflection, self disclosure, and interaction among members
2- reinforce the value and importance of the grp- be on time and well prepared
3- establish an atmosphere of support and safety
4- maintain confidentiality and respect
5- group leader is not in the expert role- group members are effective agents of change

Question 12

Group Goals

Answer 12

• not a compilation of member goals

- members have diverse goals- the group goal facilitates personal goal achievement

Question 13

Group Leadership:

Directive leadership

Answer 13

OT is responsible for planning and structuring of much of what takes place in the group

• leader selects activities
• clear verbal and demonstrated instruction to complete tasks
• group maintenance roles and feedback mainly provided by directive leader
• needed when members’ cognitive, social and verbal skills, as well as engagement are limited (PARALLEL OR PROJECT LEVEL GROUPS)

Question 14

Group Leadership:

Facilitative leadership

Answer 14

OT shares responsibility for the group and group process with members

• collaborate with members to select activities
• members and leaders share instruction throughout the group’s process
• leader’s goal is to have members acquire skills through experience
• members’ skills levels and engagement are moderate (EGO-CENTRIC COOPERATIVE or COOPERATIVE GROUPS)

Question 15

Group Leadership:

Advisory Leadership

Answer 15

OT functions as resource to members who set the agenda and structure the group’s functioning

• members select and complete the group’s activity with leader advice as needed
• group maintenance roles are independently assumed by members
• feedback is natural part of group self-directed process
• leader’s goal is to have member’s understand and self-direct the process
• members’ skills and engagement are high (MATURE GROUPS)

Question 16

Co-leadership advantages

Answer 16

• each leader can assume different roles, tasks and styles
• both leaders can provide and obtain mutual support
• observations and objectivity can increase
• can share knowledge and skills
• can model effective behaviors

Question 17

Co-leadership disadvantages

Answer 17

• splitting by group members of one leader against the other
• excessive competition
• unequal responsibilities

Question 18

Curative factors of groups (Yalom)

Answer 18

• altruism
• catharsis
• universality (one’s problems are not unique)
• existential factors (accepting the fact that the responsibility for chg comes from within)
• self-understanding
• family reenactment (understanding what it was like to grow up in one’s family through the group experience)
• guidance (accepting advice from other members)
• identification (imitating positive behaviors or other members)
• installation of hope
• interpersonal learning (receiving feedback & relating to other members)

Question 19

Parallel Group

Answer 19

Purpose/focus
- to enable members to perform individual tasks in the presence of others
- to minimally verbally/non-verbally interact with others
- develop basic level of awareness, trust and comfort with others in group
Role of OT
- provide unconditional, positive regard to develop trust
- actively fill all leadership functions to meet member needs
- reinforce ALL behaviors appropriate to group
- provide structure
-facilitate interaction
Suitable activities:
- activities are independent of others but in presence of others
- interaction not required to complete activity
- activities should be similar or utilize common tools to facilitate interaction and sharing
- relevant to ability, age, gender and interest