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BIMM 120 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two themes of microbiology

A

Understanding basic life processes and Applying knowledge to benefit humans

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2
Q

What are microbes good for

A

Model systems for understanding cellular processes in all organisms

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3
Q

What are the importance of microorganisms

A

They are the oldest form of life, largest mass of living material on Earth, carry out major processes for biogenochemical cycles, can live practically anywhere, organisms require microbes to survive

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4
Q

What are microorganisms

A

They are microscopic single cells, some simple multicellular organisms and viruses (but not cellular)

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5
Q

What are two fundamental cell types for microorganisms

A

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

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6
Q

What are prokaryotes

A

They do not contain a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

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7
Q

What are eukaryotes

A

They are usually bigger, more complex, and contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Most are microorganisms

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8
Q

What are the 3 domains of life

A

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes

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9
Q

What are viruses

A

Called bacteriophages, they are not cells and have no metabolism of their own, they are obligate parasites of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in all 3 domains of life

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10
Q

In the bacterial cell, what is the Cell Membrane

A

The barrier that separates the inside of the cell, cytoplasm, from the outside environment

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11
Q

In the bacterial cell, what is the Cell Wall

A

It is present in most mirobes and confers structural strength and prevents osmotic lysis

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12
Q

In the bacterial cell, what is the nucleoid

A

It is the region in the bacteria that contains the chromosome (DNA)

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13
Q

In the bacterial cell, what is the flagella

A

Structure used for motility

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14
Q

What are the 7 characteristics of living systems

A
  1. Metabolism
  2. Reproduction
  3. Differentiation
  4. Communication
  5. Movement
  6. Evolution
  7. Regulation
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15
Q

What is metabolism

A

Chemical transformation of nutrients and allows grwoth

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16
Q

What is reproduction

A

Generation of two cells from one

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17
Q

What is differentiation

A

Synthesis of new substances or structures that modify the cell (only in some microbes, ex. spores)

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18
Q

What is communication

A

Generation of, and response to, chemical signals (not in all microbes)

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19
Q

What is movement

A

Via self-propulsion, several forms (only in some microbes)

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20
Q

What is evolution

A

Genetic changes in cells that are transferred to offspring

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21
Q

What is regulation

A

The ability to turn processes on and off. Regulate the activities of enzymes, gene expression, metabolism, movement.

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22
Q

What are the 2 fundamental functions of cells

A

Cells as catalysts and as coding devices

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23
Q

What do cells do as catalysts

A

They carry out chemical reactions with enzymes

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24
Q

What are enzymes

A

Proteins (or RNA) catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions and can be regulated

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25
Q

What do cells do as coding devices

A

Cells store and process information that is passed on to offspring (genetics) during reproduction through DNA, evolution

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26
Q

What is transcription

A

DNA copied to RNA

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27
Q

What is translation

A

RNA codes for amino acids in protein. Proteins are critical for all aspects of cell structure and metabolism

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28
Q

What is a population

A

A group of the same species of organisms

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29
Q

What is a community

A

A group of different species (different populations interacting)

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30
Q

What is a habitat

A

The environment in which a microbial population lives

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31
Q

What is an ecosystem

A

Refers to all the living organisms plus abiotic physical and chemical constituents of their envonrment

32
Q

What controls the diversity and abundance of microbes

A

The resources (nutrients) and the environmental conditions (temp, pH, oxygen)

33
Q

What can the microbial communities do to the environment

A

The activities of microbial communities can affect the chemical and physical properties of their habitats (ex. removal of nutrients and the excretion of waste products (oxygen in the atmosphere))

34
Q

Which bacteria caused the earth to rust over 2 billion years ago and form an oxygen atmosphere

A

Cyanobacteria

35
Q

What is LUCA

A

Last Universal Common Ancestor: ancestral cell from which all extant cells/organisms descended

36
Q

What are the basic components of life

A

dsDNA genomes, ribosomes, tRNA, genetic code, etc

37
Q

How old is the Earth

A

4.6 billion years old

38
Q

When did the first cells appear

A

Between 3.8-3.9 billion years ago

39
Q

The Earth was anoxic until how long ago?

A

The atmosphere was anoxic (no oxygen) until 2 billion years ago. Before that, metabolisms were exclusively anaerobic until evolution of oxygen-producting phototrophs

40
Q

How long was life exclusively microbial

A

Until about 1 billion year ago

41
Q

Where are microbes found

A

Microbes are found in almost every environment and most microbial cells are found in oceanic and terrestrial SUBSURFACE’S, so not easily seen. You have 10x more microbe cells in and on you than human cells

42
Q

What is the impact of microorgansisms on humans

A

They are both beneficial and harmful to humans

43
Q

How has control of iinfectious diseases changed during the last century

A

The control of infectious diseases during the last century has greatly improved, the top 10 killers list no longer has a majority of microbial diseases

44
Q

What are some positive impacts of microorganisms on agriculture

A

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, cellulose degrading microbes in the rumen (cows), and regeneration of nutrients in soil and water

45
Q

What are some negative impacts of microorganisms on agriculture

A

Diseases in plants and animals

46
Q

What do nitrogen fixing bacteria do

A

Converts N2 gas into NH3 ammonia

47
Q

What does rumen do

A

Grass -> Cellulose -> Glucose -> Microbial Fermentation -> Fatty Acids or CO2 and CH4 waste products

48
Q

What are some positive impacts of microorganisms on food?

A

Microbial transformations (fermentations) yield: dairy products (cheese, yogurt, buttermilk), and other food products (sauerkraut, pickles, leavened breads, beer, and wine)

49
Q

What are some negative impacts of microorganisms on food?

A

Food spoilage by microorganisms. Requires special preservation of foods (drying, salting, canning, refrigeration, and freezing)

50
Q

What is industrial microbiology

A

Production of organic compounds, antibiotics, fermentation products (acids and alcohols)

51
Q

How are microbes used for biofuels

A

Sugars, methane, ethanol, and hydrogen are used in biofuel production

52
Q

How are microbes for cleaning up pollutants

A

Bioremediation - some bacteria can eat or degrade compounds that are toxic to humans or that damage the environment

53
Q

How are the genetic resources of microorgansisms used

A

The exploitation of natural microbes for production of antibiotics, enzymes, and various chemicals such as ethanol. Genetic engineering of microbes to generate products of value to humans such as insulin and many other drugs and biochemicals

54
Q

Who was Robert Hooke

A

The first to describe microbes

55
Q

Who was Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

A

The first to describe bacteria

56
Q

Who was Ferdinand Cohn

A

Founded the field of bacterial classification and discovered bacterial endospores

57
Q

Who was Louis Pasteur

A

Discovered that living organisms discriminate between organic optical isomers, a property of biological enzymes, that alcoholic fermentation was a biologically mediated process, disproved the theory of spontaneous generation, and developed vaccines for anthrax, fowl cholera, and rabies

58
Q

What is spontaneous generation

A

The hypothesis that living organisms can originate from nonliving matter

59
Q

What experiment did Pasteur perform to disprove spontaneous generation

A

He poured a nonsterile liquid broth into a flash, bent the neck of the flask so nothing would be able to enter, and sterilized the broth by heating it. Over time the liquid remained completely sterile and dust and microorganisms got stuck in the bend in the neck. In the control experiment, he tipped the flask to the side which allowed microorganisms to enter through the bend at the neck, and after a short period of time the liquid was no longer pure.

60
Q

Who was Robert Koch

A

Demonstrated the link between microbes and infectious diseases, developed Koch’s postulates, and developed techniques for solid media and obtaining pure cultures of microbes

61
Q

What is a pure culture

A

A colony containing one one type of bacteria

62
Q

What are Koch’s postulates

A
  1. The suspected pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease and absent from healthy animals
  2. The suspected pathogen must be grown in pure culture
  3. Cells from a pure culture of the suspected pathogen must cause disease in a healthy animal
  4. The suspected pathogen must be reisolated and shown to be the same as the original
63
Q

Whoa is Martinus Beijernick

A

Developed the enrichment culture technique

64
Q

What is the enrichment culture technique

A

Most environments contain too many different microbes to easily study. They can be isolated from natural samples in a highly selective fashion by manipulating nutrient and incubation conditions.
Ex. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria are isolated on medium lacking nitrogen compounds

65
Q

Who is Sergei Winogradsky

A

The concept of chemolithotrophy, demonstrated that specific bacteria are linked to specific biogeochemical transformations

66
Q

What is chemolithotrophy

A

Use of minerals as a source of “food” energy

67
Q

What are the two directions of microbiology nowadays

A

Applied and Basic

68
Q

What is microbial systematics

A

The science of grouping and classifying microorganisms, understanding diversity

69
Q

What is microbial physiology

A

Study of nutrients, metabolism, growth, and products

70
Q

What is cell biology/cytology

A

Study of cellular structure

71
Q

What is microbial biochemistry

A

Study of microbial enzymes and chemical reactions

72
Q

What is bacterial genetics

A

Study of heredity, variation, and evolution. Provided the foundation of Molecular Biology, gene expression

73
Q

What is virulology

A

Study of viruses

74
Q

What is molecular biology

A

Study of basic mechanisms of microbe life processes. Biotechnology

75
Q

What is biotechnology

A

Manipulation of genes and cellular genomes. DNA from one organism can be inserted into a bacterium and the proteins encoded by that DNA harvested for use.

BIMM 120 (17 decks)

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