Chapter 1 Flashcards
What are the stages of lifespan?
Infancy, Childhood, Adolescence, Adulthood, Old Age
These stages represent the key phases of human development from birth to death.
What are cohort effects?
Differences of individuals who are born at the same time and place as you
Cohort effects can influence development and research outcomes.
What are the two approaches to human development?
Continuous and Discontinuous
Continuous development suggests gradual change, while discontinuous development proposes distinct stages.
What are critical versus sensitive periods in development?
Critical periods is the time when an event has the greatest consequences
Sensitive periods are optimal times for development.
These concepts highlight the timing of development in relation to environmental influences.
What is the nature versus nurture?
(nature) environmental factors
(nurture) genetic code
This debate explores the influence of biology and environment on behavior and development.
What are the key components of theories and hypotheses in development?
Theories are why you think something is happening, while hypotheses are testable predictions derived from those theories.
Both are essential for guiding research and understanding human behavior.
What are the primary research methods in developmental psychology?
Experimental and Correlational methods
These methods help researchers understand relationships and causality in human development.
What are the three main research designs in human development studies?
Cross-sectional, Longitudinal, and Sequential designs
Each design has unique strengths and weaknesses in studying developmental changes over time.
What distinguishes Freud’s psychodynamic perspective from Erikson’s stages of development?
Freud focused on unconscious processes and psychosexual stages, while Erikson emphasized growth and change continued across the lifespan.
Erikson’s stages include Trust vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Shame, and others.
What are the key theories of the Behavioral Perspective?
Watson’s classical conditioning, Skinner’s operant conditioning, and Bandura’s social learning theory “Bodo doll”
These theories focus on observable behaviors and the influence of the environment.
Define reinforcement in behavioral psychology.
A process that increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated
Reinforcement can be positive (adding a stimulus) or negative (removing a stimulus).
Define punishment in behavioral psychology.
A process that decreases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated
Punishment can be positive (adding a stimulus) or negative (removing a stimulus).
What is Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?
People pass through fixed sequence of universal stages of cognitive development. We learn through environmental cues. Critical thinking, figuring out how to solve problems.
Each stage represents different ways of thinking and understanding the world.
What are the key concepts of the Humanistic Perspective?
Focus on individual potential, self-actualization, and positive regard (need to be loved and respected)
Key figures include Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.
What is the main idea of the Evolutionary Perspective?
evolutionary processes, adaptation, natural selection
Key figures include Charles Darwin and Konrad Lorenz.
What does Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological approach emphasize?
The interaction between individual development and various surrounding environmental systems
Bronfenbrenner’s model includes microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem.
What is Vygotsky’s Sociocultural theory?
A theory that emphasizes the role of social interaction between child and environment that both influence each other
(reciprocal transaction)
It highlights the importance of language and cultural tools in learning.
Correlational research
Simply shows relationship between two variables but not why or how
Experimental research
determines cause and effect between two variables using experiments
Cross-sectional
Study of multiple different things or groups at one point.
Longitudinal
LONG PROCESS of studying one group (cohort) over time
Sequential
Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional at the same time.
