Chapter 1 Flashcards
Development
The pattern of change that starts at conception and continues throughout life span
Normative age grade influence
Influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group
Non-normative life events
Unusual occurrences that have a major impact on an individuals life
Developmental Periods
Prenatal: conception to birth
Infancy: birth to 18-24 months
Early Childhood: 3-5 years old
Middle/late Child: 6-10 years
Adolescence: 10-18 years
Early adulthood: 20s and 30s
Middle adulthood: 40s and 60s
Late adult: 60-
Nature vs Nurture
Nature: biology
Nurture: environmental
Ericksons Stages
Trust vs Mistrust
Autonomy vs shame and doubt
Initiative vs guilt
Industry vs inferiority
Identity vs role confusion
Intimacy vs isolation
Generativity vs stagnation
Integrity vs despair
Piagets stages of cognitive development
Sensorimotor: birth-2, senses
Preoperational: 2-7, language development
Concrete operational: 7-11, thinking logically
Formal operational: 12-, abstract logic, moral reasoning
Vygotsky Social-cultural theory
How culture and social interaction guide cognitive development
Skinners operant conditioning (behavioral theory)
Development consists of the pattern of behavioral changes that are brought about by rewards and punishments
Observational learning
Learning by observing others, natural observation
Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory
Microsystems: the family
Mesosystem: family, school, neighborhood, religion
Macrosystem: government, economy, religion, media, culture, values
Exosystem: influence of external events ie 911, hurricanes
Chronosystem: changes over time
Correlational studies
A research meth that describes and predicts how variables are naturally related in the real world, without any attempt by the researcher to alter them or assign causation between them
Experimental studies
Independent variable: manipulated
Dependent variable: what is resulted or examined
The research can only establish cause and effect
Informed consent
An ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate in
