Chapter 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
Investigates body’s structure or form
Physiology
Studies the processes of functions of living things in order to understand and predict the body’s response to stimuli and how the body maintains homeostasis
How are anatomy and physiology related?
Form follows function (skeletal muscle cells, adipose cells)
Cytology
Examining structure of cells
Histology
Study structure of tissues
Gross anatomy
Large objects that can be seen without microscope (heart, bones)
Developmental
How organisms change from conception to adult (embryology)
Systemic
Study of systems (respiratory, cardiovascular)
Regional anatomy
Studying by regions of the body
Surface anatomy
Studying relation of external features to internal structures
Anatomical imaging
MRI, ultrasound
Approach of physiology
Systemic over regions
Homeostasis
Maintain a relatively constant environment within an acceptable range despite changes in variables
Pathology
Science of disease
Smallest level of organization
Chemical - atoms combine to produce molecules like enzymes
Second smallest level of organization
Cellular - the basic unit of living organisms.
Larger lever after cellular
Tissues- groups of similar cells and material around them
Third largest level of organization
Organs- structures which perform one or more functions, made up of more than one different type of tissue
Second most complex level of organization
Systems - group of organs with a common function
Most complex level of organization
Organism- all systems working together
Integumentary
Skin, hair - protection, regulate temperature, prevent dehydration
Skeletal
Bones- protects, supports, for movement, produce blood cells, store minerals
Muscular
Muscles - movement, posture, produces heat
Nervous
Brain, spinal cord - regulation of body functions, detect sensation, control movement, control thought, control respiration
Endocrine
Endocrine glands - controls metabolism and growth, initiates puberty and controls sexual reproduction
Cardiovascular
Heart, blood vessels - transports nutrients to organs and wastes from organs, transports gasses throughoit, transports hormones
Lymphatic
Spleen, thymus, lymph nodes - combat disease, maintain tissue fluid balance
Respiratory
Lungs, trachea- exchange of gases between blood and air, aids in acid base regulation (pH)
Digestive
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines - absorbs nutrients, eliminates waste
Urinary
Kidneys, bladder - removed waste from circulation, regulates acid-base balance
Reproductive
Gonads - controls sexual function and sexual behavior, responsible for reproduction
Characteristics of life
Organization - interrelations among parts of an organism and how they work together
Metabolism - ability to use energy from food, all chemical reactions occurring in the body
Responsiveness - ability to sense changes in the environment and adjust homeostasis
Growth/development growth is increase in size or number, development is changes in organism over time
Reproduction - new cells or new organisms must pass genetic code
Waste removal - required due to metabolism as waste products are toxic
Anabolic
Form together to create
Catabolic
Break down
Differentiation
General to specific change over time (stem cells)
Morphogenetic
Shape of tissue change
Dynamic constancy
Variables change with their values going up or down, but homeostasis tries to keep this at an acceptable average
Set point and normal range
Set point - place to keep variable. Normal range - acceptable range
Blood pH
7.4. Range being 7.35-7.45
Control systems
Control the body’s functions to maintain homeostasis - nervous and endocrine
Nervous system control center
Responds quickly but effects are not long lasting
Endocrine system control system
Slower to react but effects are longer lasting
Negative feedback
The mechanism via which the control systems maintain homeostasis
Three components of negative feedback
Receptor- monitors value of some variable
Control center - establishes set point
Effector - can change the value of the variable
Reason for name negative feedback
Efffectd are the opposite direction of the deviation from the set point
Stimulus
Change in variable
Integrator
Control center that send information to effector
Negative feedback in temperature change to cold weather
Thermo sensors in skin are receptor
Integrator is brain
Effector is skeletal muscles
Response is shivering
Positive feedback
Less common and implies when deviations occur, the body’s response is to make the deviation even greater in the same direction
Examples of helpful positive feedback
Labor, clotting, digestive enzymes
Serous membranes
Cover the organs and line cavities that ar not open to the outside. Double walled membranes which act to protect and lunricate
Two portions of serous membranes
Visceral - covers organs
Parietal.- lines cavities
Heart cavity band and membrane name
Cavity - pericardial
Membrane - pericardium
Lung cavity name and membrane
Cavity- pleural
Membrane - pleura
Abdomin cavity and membrane
Cavity - Peritoneal
Membrane - peritoneum
Mesenteries
Double fold of visceral oeritoneum within the visceral organs. Protect and provide blood supply pathways
Retroperitoneal organs
Some abdominal organs not within the cavity but behind it attached to a wall - kidneys, pancreas. Adrenal glands
