CHAPTER 1 Flashcards
It is any substance (with the exception of food and water) which, when taken into the body, alters the body’s function either physically and/or psychologically.
DRUGS
Types of Drugs:
NATURAL
SYNTHETIC
HERBAL DRUGS
UNRECOGNIZED DRUGS
ILLICIT DRUGS
Plant leaves, flowering tops, hashish, opium and marijuana.
NATURAL
Drugs that are products by laboratories.
SYNTHETIC
Drugs requiring written authorization from a doctor before they can be purchased.
PRESCRIPTIVE DRUGS
Are non-prescription medicines, which may be purchased form only any pharmacy or drugstore without written authorization from a doctor.
OVER-THE-COUNTER DRUGS (OTC’s)
Any person who is registered and entitled under the laws of the Philippines to practice the profession of medicine, to include dentistry and veterinary medicine.
MEDICAL PRACTITIONER
A written direction by a medical practitioner that a stated quantity of a dangerous drug in any form or drug in parenteral form containing a controlled chemical, be dispensed for the patient named therein.
PRESCRIPTION
Who may prescribe dangerous drugs?
PDEA (Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency)
Are plant substances that have drug effects and whose use is not generally regulated by the law.
HERBAL DRUGS
Are commercial products that have a psychoactive drug effects but are not usually considered drugs.
UNRECOGNIZED DRUGS
These are drugs whose sale, purchase or use is generally prohibited by law.
ILLICIT DRUGS
It is the amount of drug taken at one time.
DOSE
Types of Dose:
MINIMAL
MAXIMAL
TOXIC
ABUSIVE
LETHAL
It refers to the amount needed to treat or heal, that is, the smallest amount of drug that will produce a therapeutic effect.
MINIMAL
It pertains to the largest amount of drug that will produce a desired therapeutic effect, without any accompanying symptoms of toxicity.
MAXIMAL
It is the amount of drug that produces untoward effects or symptoms of poisoning.
TOXIC
The amount needed to produce the side effects and action desired by an individual who improperly uses it.
ABUSIVE
The amount of drug that will cause death.
LETHAL
A substance which when taken into the human body cures illness and/or relieves signs/symptoms of disease.
MEDICINAL DRUGS
These are drugs that relieve pain.
ANALGESICS
Analgesics however, they may produce the opposite effects on somebody who suffers from ___________ or _______________.
PEPTIC ULCER OR GAS IRRITATION
Drugs that combat or control infectious organisms.
ANTIBIOTICS
Those drugs that can lower body temperature or fever due to infection.
ANTIPYRETICS
Those drug that control or combat allergic reactions.
ANTIHISTAMINES
These are drugs that prevent the meeting of the egg cell and sperm cell or prevent the ovary from releasing egg cells.
CONTRACEPTIVES
Drugs that relieve congestion of nasal passages.
DECONGESTANTS
They can ease the expulsion of mucus and phlegm from the lungs and throat.
EXPECTORANTS
Drugs that stimulates defecation and encourage bowel movement.
LAXATIVES
These are drugs that can calm and quite the nerves and relieve anxiety without causing depression and clouding of the mind.
SEDATIVES AND TRANQUILIZERS
Those substances necessary for normal growth and development and proper functioning of the body.
VITAMINS
Drugs may cause toxic effects because of any of the following:
OVERDOSE
ALLERGY
IDIOSYNCRASY
POISONOUS PROPERTY
SIDE EFFECTS
When too much of a drug is taken into the physiological system of the human body, there may be an extension of its effects.
OVERDOSE
Some drugs cause the release of histamines giving rise to allergic symptoms such as dermatitis, swelling, falls in blood pressure, suffocation and death.
ALLERGY
It refers to the individual reaction to a drug, food, etc. for unexplained reason.
IDIOSYNCRASY
Drugs are chemicals and some of them have the property of being general protoplasmic poisons.
POISONOUS PROPERTY
Some drugs are not receptors for one organ but receptors of other organ as well.
SIDE EFFECTS
The effects in the other organs may constitute a side effect, which are most of the time unwanted.
SIDE EFFECTS
The science of poisons, their effects and antidotes.
TOXICOLOGY
How drugs are used?
ORALLY
INHALATION
INJECTION
SNORTING/INSUFFLATION
BUCCAL
SUPPOSITORIES
TOPICAL
This is the safest, most convenient and economical route whenever possible.
ORALLY
The drug is taken by the mouth and must pass through the stomach before being absorbed in the bloodstream.
ORALLY
This is the most common ways of taking drugs.
ORALLY
A drug in gaseous form enters the lungs and is quickly absorbed by the capillary system.
INHALATION
It is probably the second most commonly employed drug administration.
INHALATION
Drug is administered to the body by the use of syringe or hypodermic needle.
INJECTION
Fastest way in drug administration.
INJECTION
Drug is administered to the body by the use of syringe or hypodermic needle in the following ways:
SUBCUTANEOUS
INTRAMUSCULAR
INTRAVENOUS
The drug is injected just below the surface of the skin.
SUBCUTANEOUS
Subcutaneous is sometimes called as?
SKIN POPPING
How many degrees in subcutaneous?
45 degrees
Administration involves the injection of a drug into a large muscle mass that has a good blood supply, such as the gluteus maximus, quadriceps or triceps.
INTRAMUSCULAR
How many degrees in intramuscular?
90 degrees
This is the most efficient means of administration which involves depositing a drug directly to the blood stream.
INTRAVENOUS
This is also the most rapid drug administration.
INTRAVENOUS
How many degrees in intravenous?
25 degrees
Inhalation of drugs through the nose.
SNORTING/INSUFFLATION
It is done by inhaling a powder or a liquid drug into the nasal coats of the mucous membrane.
SNORTING/INSUFFLATION
Difference of Inhalation and Snorting:
Inhalation is on _________, while snorting is in _________?
GASEOUS STATE ; SOLID OR LIQUID SUBSTATNCE
Drug is placed in the buccal cavity just under the lips.
BUCCAL
The active ingredients of the drug are absorbed in the blood stream through the soft tissues lining the mouth.
BUCCAL
Drug is administered through the vagina or rectum in a suppository form and the drug is absorbed into the blood stream.
SUPPOSITORIES
This refers to the application of drugs directly to a body site such as the mucous membrane.
TOPICAL
These are drugs that are attended by risk and therefore unsafe, perilous, and hazardous to people using it.
DANGEROUS DRUGS
These are strictly prohibited that possession of them is punishable (RA 9165 Art. 2 Sec. 11).
DANGEROUS DRUGS
Dangerous Drugs are strictly prohibited that possession of them is punishable in?
RA 9165 Art. 2 Sec. 11
Those listed in the Schedules annexed to the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, as amended by the 1972 Protocol, and in the Schedules annexed to the 1971 Single Convention on Psychotropic Substances.
RA 9165
THE ACT INSTITUTING COMPREHENSIVE DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT OF 2002, REPEALING REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6425, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT OF 1972, AS AMENDED, PROVIDING FUNDS THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
RA 9165
RA 9165 was enacted on?
JUNE 7, 2002
RA 9165 was enacted on June 7, 2002 under the administration of __________?
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
Means as the study of how a drug affects the body.
PHARMACOLOGY
According to effects, dangerous drugs are classified as:
NARCOTICS
STIMULANTS (UPPERS)
DERESSANTS (DOWNERS)
HALLUCINOGENS
They do not prescribe medications, who studies the effects of chemicals and drugs on living organisms.
PHARMACOLOGIST
The term “narcotic” comes from the _______ that means _________ .
GREEK WORD “NARTIKOS” ; “STUPOR”
Is originally referred to a variety of substances that dulled the senses and relieved pain.
NARCOTICS (OPIOIDS)
Narcotics is also known as?
OPIOIDS
These are drugs relieve pain and produce profound sleep or stupor.
NARCOTICS
Medically, they are potent painkillers, cough depressants, and as an active component of anti-diarrheal preparations.
NARCOTICS
THE FOLLOWING ARE CLASSIFIED AS NARCOTICS:
OPIUM
MORPHINE
HEROIN
CODEINE
It is extracted from the coagulated juice poppy plant.
OPIUM
What is the scientific name of opium?
PAPAVER SUMNIFERUM LINNE
3 MAIN SOURCES OF ILLEGAL OPIUM
▪ Burma (Myanmar)
▪ Afghanistan
▪ Columbia
It can be in the form of aqueous solution, granulated, and powdered.
OPIUM
What are the alkaloids/derivatives of opium?
Morphine, Codeine, Thebaine, Papaverine, Heroin (diamorphine, diacetylmorphine), Dihydromorphinone, Methyl dihydromorphinone, and Apomorphine.
What is the active ingredient and analgesic property of Opium?
MECONIC ACID
Slang names of Opium:
“Gum”, “Gamot”, “Kalamay”, “Panocha”
It is the principal derivative of opium and the most active.
MORPHINE
It is a white crystalline powder, light porous cubes or small white tablets.
MORPHINE
Morphine was derived from the name _______, the _____________ because of its dreamful effect, which follows its initial stimulating effect
“Morpheus” , Greek god of Dream
It is effective as a painkiller six times potent or stronger than opium, with a high dependence- producing potential.
MORPHINE
Serves as anesthesia during WW2.
MORPHINE
Morphine was 1st discovered by?
Friedrich Serturner
Slang names of Morphine:
“M”, Dreamer”, “Pectoral”, “Syrup”, “AAA”, “1A”, “999”
It chemically known as Diacetylmorphine or Diamorphine.
HEROIN
The most addicting opium derivative.
HEROIN
3-5 times more potent than morphine.
HEROIN
Heroin was 1st discovered by?
Alder Wright
Slang names of Heroin?
“Snow”, “Stuff”, “Junk tooth”, “H” “Miracle drug”
A derivative of morphine commonly available in cough preparations.
CODEINE
It is the Methyl Ether of morphine and the least effective.
CODEINE
Codeine was 1st discovered by?
Pierre Robique
SYNTHETIC OPIOIDS
DEMEROL
METHADONE
PERCODAN
DARVON
PAREGONIC
LAUDANUM
FENTANYL
A morphine-like opioid and it is a brand name of meperidine.
DEMEROL
As a powerful painkiller, an addiction to the drug can develop quickly.
DEMEROL
It is a powerful drug used for pain relief and treatment of drug addiction.
METHADONE
It is an opioid agonist of the morphine-type.
PERCODAN
It is a mu-opioid agonist, it may be subject to misuse, abuse, and addiction.
DARVON (PROPOXYPHENE)
It is a substance that activates mu-opioid receptors.
MU-OPIOD AGONIST
Are receptors that are responsible for pain
relief.
MU-OPIODS RECEPTORS
Camphorated tincture of opium.
PAREGONIC
It is a mixture of opium, camphor, benzoic acid, and anise oil in alcohol.
PAREGONIC
Drugs that has a fragrant odor.
CAMPHOR
It is a tincture of opium containing approximately 10% powdered opium.
LAUDANUM
A designer narcotic whose potency may even be greater than heroin’s.
FETANYL
It is an effective pain killing drug.
FENTANYL
It means substances chemically related to but slightly different from controlled substances.
DESIGNER DRUGS
Synthetic opioid that is similar to morphine but is _________ more potent.
50-100 TIMES
Slang terms of Fentanyl:
“Apache”, “China Girl”, “China White”, “Jackpot”
These are drugs that produce excitation, alertness, and wakefulness, intense feeling of “highness” and in some cases, a temporary rise in blood pressure and respiration.
STIMULANTS
It works by increasing the activity of the brain chemicals dopamine and norepinephrine.
STIMULANTS
Is involved in the reinforcement of rewarding behaviors.
DOPAMINE
These are hormones responsible for the movement, attention, mood of a person.
DOPAMINE
Affects blood vessels, blood pressure and heart rate, blood sugar, and breathing.
NOREPINEPHRINE
People who use prescription stimulants report feeling a “rush” (euphoria) along with the following:
a. increased blood pressure and heart rate
b. increased breathing
c. decreased blood flow
d. increased blood sugar
e. opened-up breathing passages
People who use prescription stimulants report feeling a of?
“rush” (euphoria)
THE FOLLOWING ARE CLASSIFIED AS STIMULANTS:
COCAINE
AMPHETAMINES
METHAMPHETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE (SHABU)
FLAKKA
CAFFEINE
This is a natural produce obtained/extracted from the leaves of Erythroxylum coca (scientific name) or the Coca Bush.
COCAINE
Cocaine was first isolated in 1860 by:
Dr. Albert Nieman
There are basically three chemical forms of cocaine:
the hydrochloride salt, “freebase” and the Crack.
Is made by mixing baking soda or ammonia into the powder form of cocaine.
CRACK
Are a group of drugs that increase the activity of certain chemicals in the brain.
AMPHETAMINES
Amphetamines are derived from __________, a plant native to ______ and __________.
ephedra (Ephedra sinica) ; China and
Mongolia.
They are derived from ephedra (Ephedra sinica), a plant native to China and Mongolia.
AMPHETAMINES
The plant contains ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, which are natural alkaloids, or nitrogenous organic compounds that cause a physiological response in humans.
EPHEDRA (EPHEDRA SINICA)
The plant contains __________ and _______, which are natural alkaloids, or nitrogenous organic compounds that cause a physiological response in humans.
ephedrine and pseudoephedrine
Slang names of Amphetamines:
“Beanies”, “copilots”, “football hearts”, “pep pills”, “ampies”, “Speedballs”
It is white, colorless, crystal or crystalline powder with a bitter numbing taste.
METHAMPHETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE (SHABU)
Methamphetamine Hydrochloride (Shabu) was considered as the poor man’s cocaine and was 1st synthesized in ___________“Kakuseizai”.
JAPAN (1919)
Slang names of Methamphetamine Hydrochloride (Shabu):
“upper or speed”, “Shabs”, “Tubas”, “S”, “Spoil”, “Ha”, and “Ice”.
The feeling as if grains of sand are lying under the skin or small insects are creeping on the skin.
Meth bugs / Magnan’s Symptoms
AKA Bath salts, Ivory Wave, The zombie drug
FLAKKA
Flakka aka:
Bath salts, Ivory Wave, The zombie drug
Flakka is from _________ of East Africa and Southern Arabia.
KHAT PLANT
People who use it have gone on mad, violent, zombie-like rampages.
FLAKKA
It is a drug that is present in coffee, tea, chocolate, cola drinks and some wakeup pills.
CAFFEINE
These are drugs which suppress vital body functions especially those of the brain or central nervous system with the resulting impairment of judgment, hearing, speech, and muscular coordination.
DEPRESSANTS (DOWNERS)
They dull the minds, slow down body reactions to such an extent that accidental deaths/or suicides, usually happen.
DEPRESSANTS (DOWNERS)
These are drugs used for inducing sleep in persons plagued with anxiety, mental stress and insomnia.
BARBITURATES
Who synthesized Malonyl Caltamide or the so called barbituric acid?
Adolf Von Bayer
Adolf Von Bayer synthesized _________ or the so called _________?
Malonyl Caltamide ; barbituric acid.
Slang names of Barbiturates:
“Goofballs”, “Footballs”, “Barbs”, “Blockbuster”
Types of Barbiturates;
AMO-BARBITAL (AMYTAL)
SECO-BARBITAL (SECONAL)
PENTO-BARBITAL (NEMBUTAL)
PHENO-BARBITAL (LUMINAL)
COMBINATION OF AMBOBARBITAL - SECOBARBITAL (TUINAL)
In solid blue capsule form known as “Blues”, “Blue devils”, “Blue heavens”, “Blue birds”, and “Blue dragons”
AMO-BARBITAL (AMYTAL)
In red capsule form called “Reds”, “Red birds”, “Red devils”, and “Seggy”.
SECO-BARBITAL (SECONAL)
It is found in solid yellow capsule known to the abusers as “yellow jackets”, or “Nemies”
PENTO-BARBITAL (NEMBUTAL)
“Purple heart”, “Barbs”
PHENO-BARBITAL (LUMINAL)
“Tooles”, “Christmas Tree”, “Rainbow”
COMBINATION OD AMOBARBITAL - SECOBARBITAL (TUNAIL)
It is a sedative-hypnotic drug that is similar in effect to barbiturates, a general central nervous system depressant.
METHAQUALONE
Drugs that induces calmness; makes the person more relaxed.
SEDATIVE
Sleep inducing dugs.
HYPNOTIC
Trade Names of Methaqualone:
Quaalude”/”ludes”, “Sopor”/”soaps”, “Parest”, and “Optimil”
Methaqualone was first synthesized in _______ used for treating malaria
INDIA (1951)
A methaqualone and diphenhydramine combination pill.
MANDRAX
It may also contain benzodiazepines, barbiturates, or ephedrine.
MANDRAX
These are drugs used in treating nervous disorders or calm psychotic patients or mental disorders without producing sleep.
TRANQUILIZERS
Some of its type of tranquilizers includes:
Diazepam and Meprobamate
It is considered as the ‘king’ of all drugs and most extensively legalized drugs throughout the world.
ALCOHOL
The inhalation of solvent fumes from glue, gasoline, and paint thinner and lighter fluid will produce a form of intoxication.
INHALANTS
A variety or mind-altering drugs which distort reality, thinking and perception of time, sound, space and sensation.
HALLUCINOGENS (PSYCHEDELIC)
It usually affects the user by Hallucination, Illusion and Delusion.
HALLUCINOGENS (PSYCHEDELIC)
Interfere with the action of the brain chemical serotonin, which regulates mood, sensory, and perception.
HALLUCINOGENS
Chemical messenger of the brain and the body.
SEROTONIN
THE FOLLOWING ARE CLASSIFIED AS HALLUCINOGENS:
CANNABIS SATIVA/MARIJUANA
LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE (LSD)
MESCALINE
PSILOCYBIN
ECSTASY
PHENCYCLIDINE (PCP)
Considered to be the world’s oldest cultivated plant.
CANNABIS SATIVA / MARIJUANA
The most important psycho-active ingredient of Cannabis is known as __________ or __________:
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) or the Delta 9
The TCH was first synthesized by __________-; an Israeli organic chemist and professor of Medicinal Chemistry.
Raphael Mechoulam
Cannabis Sativa / Marijuana is also called as:
Indian hemp, Grass, Damo, Weed, Ganja
It is a drug called known as the “Assassins of the Youth”.
CANNABIS SATIVA / MARIJUANA
Cannabis is prepared in the following manner:
MARIJUANA
WEED/POT
HASHISH
HASH OIL
JOINT
Dried leaves of cannabis plant.
MARIJUANA
Dried flowering tops.
WEEED/POT
Is derived from the “kief,” or the dried resin, of the flowering tops of mature and unpollinated female cannabis plants.
HASHISH
Is a concentrated cannabis extract and the most potent among all preparations.
HASH OIL
MJ cigarette.
JOINT
The drug was first synthesized by Dr. Albert Hoffman and Dr. Arthur Steel.
LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE (LSD)
It is synthesized from the Ergot plants - a fungus that parasites rye and other grains.
LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE (LSD)
This drug is the most powerful of the Psychedelics and it is 1,000 times more powerful than marijuana.
LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE (LSD)
Is a colorless, tasteless, odorless, usually liquid form and taken orally
LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE (LSD)
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) was first synthesized by ___________ and ________.
Dr. Albert Hoffman and Dr. Arthur Steel
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) is synthesized from the _________ - a fungus that parasites rye and other grains.
Ergot plants
Higher doses cause a more serious condition called __________ in which the tissue in the feet, legs, hands, and arms becomes dry and black.
GANGRENOUS ERGOTISM
Slang names of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD):
Acid, Blotter Acid, California Sunshine, hoze, Microdots, paper acid, purple haze, sunshine
Usually in the form of paper strips and abused orally.
LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE (LSD)
Is a hallucinogen obtained from the small, spineless cactus Peyote (Lophophora williamsi). The top of it are cut off and dried in the sun to form peyote or mescal buttons which contain the active drug, mescaline.
MESCALINE
Slang names of Mescaline:
“Battons”, “Cactus”, “Mese”, “Mescal”, “Mescal Buttons”
A drug derived from the psylocybe mushrooms (azurescens, semilanceata, cyanescens) is eaten and they produced an effect quite similar to mescaline and LSD.
PSILOCYBIN
These mushrooms induce nausea, muscular relaxation, mood changes with visions of bright colors and shapes and later maybe followed by depressions laziness and complete loss of time and space perceptions.
PSILOCYBIN
Slang words for “magic mushrooms” are:
zoomers, shroom, sewage fruit, goom.
A group of drugs that chemically includes Methylenedioxy-ethamphetamine (MDMA), Methylenedioxy-amphetamine (MDMA) and methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA).
ECSTASY
Because the drug produces euphoric effects, increased sensitivity to touch, and lowered inhibitions.
ECSTASY
Also known as party drugs.
ECSTASY
MDMA means:
Methylenedioxy-methamphetamine
MDMA means:
Methylenedioxy-amphetamine
It popularly known as the “love drug”.
ECSTASY
Slang names for Ecstasy:
“XTC”, “Adam” “molly” (US), “mandy” (UK)
It was developed in the late 1950s as an intravenous anesthetic.
PHENCYCLIDINE (PCP)
PCP first appeared on the street drug scene in ________- as the __________.
1967 ; Peace Pill
In _______, PCP reappeared in New York as ___________.
1968 ; “Hog”
