Chapter 1 Flashcards
Describe the experiment where an individual in a coma was shown a suspenseful film and why it was important
Experiment involved showing healthy individuals a movie in which a boy accidentally replaces his toy gun with his fathers real gun and even lunges at his father with it. Found that healthy individuals had increased electrical activity in the scene where he lunged at his father- despite guns not being shown to be dangerous or capable of killing people in the film itself showing that the suspenseful effect associated with the increase in electrical activity was produced through their connections to past knowledge. When this movie was shown to a patient in a coma they found the same effect suggesting that although he could not control his body or communicate his consciousness, it was still there.
Cognition
C like creates, cognition creates our mind and mental processes
Mental processes
Mental processes amp, my feeling of being amped is created by my ATTENTION - what I notice, my MEMORY - how I feel based on past experiences about what I noticed and my PERCEPTION - how I see what I noticed, there are a few exes of mental processes which just means non physiological/physical processes created by the mind
What were the beliefs about studying the mind in the 1800s
I think it was impossible to be an MSI fan in the 1800s just like how in the 1800s they thought it was impossible to study the mind bc they saw it as not MEASURABLE and incapable of STUDYING ITSELF
Reaction time experiment
Franciscus Donders 1868
F like first, first person mentioned as studying cognitive psych - 1868 is first
ate six ate- if 6 ate twice its first just like how F like first francious donders in 1868 is first person mentioned on cognitive pscyh timeline and did an experiment where he saw how long it took for it to Don like Donders on participants what they were seeing and how they should subsequently act (reaction time) and don like don as in his experiment was significant because it made it so that it dawned on people that there were mental processes occuring that could not be inferred from behaviour which is what the feild of cognitive psych is all about
Split participants into 2 groups, the simple reaction time group and the choice reaction time, the simple reaction time group stared at a light in the middle and were told to press the j key if the light flashed, the choice reaction group on the other hand could have a light flash on the left side- if this was the case they would click the k key or the right side and if this was the case they would click the j key. Found that the choice reaction group took 1/10 a second longer then the simple reaction group.
What is structuralism?
1879 Wundt Structuralism
Wundt like wouldn’t, wouldn’t going into like intro, (intro like analytic introspection) even sensational structures built in 1879 be broken by elements - just like how Wundt in 1879 tried to break the strucutre of experience down into chemistry like elements of sensation using analytic introspection
What is analytic introspection
WAS I
Like had participants recount what WAS I doing
WUNDT, ANALYTIC, STRUCTURALISM, INTROSPECTION
WUNDT associated with STRUCTURALISM pioneered ANALYTIC INTROSPECTION, and was I likewhat was I thinking in response to stimuli as analytic introspection is a technique where participants report on their own experiences and though processes that occur in response to stimuli
Describe the Ebbinghause memory experiment
Hermann Ebbinghaus 1885
HENSS were owned by lots of people in 1885, so HENSS might be a common memory of 1885 just like how HENSS psychology 1885 deals with memory stands for Hermann Ebbinghause Nonsense syllablues Subtract to get Savings, as HERMANN EBBINGHAUS conducted an experiment where he timed how long it took him to learn 3 letter NONSENSE syllables for the first time he then took a break and measured the ammount of time it took him to relearn the nonsense syllables and SUBTRACTED this time from the original time to get the SAVINGS, (savings like name refers to refers to time saved- the ammount of time less it took him to learn to syllables after the delay compared with the original time). So if it took him 1000 seconds to learn the nonsense syllables the first time and after a 19 minute break it took him 400 seconds to learn the nonsense syllables his savings would be 600 seconds, he would have saved 600 seconds by spending 600 less seconds relearning them, note it is always the time from the first time learning - the time from the delay
1000 - 400 = 600
He found that he had saved the most time, (taken the least time to relearn the syllables) when he had tried to relearn them following a 19 minute delay from original learning. However he found that after this the ammount of savings, time saved learning decreased rapidly and after 2 days the ammount of time saved learning had tapered off and was not drastically different after a delay of 31 days then the delay of 2 days
Explain how William James principles of Psychology relates to cognitive psychology
William James has 2 first names and if I pay attention to that fact instead of the 1890 other things I could think about I am demonstrating the principle that he illustrated in his 1890 book principles of psychology that attention is intentional and limited
How did Watson impact cognitive psychology
WAAIV LA 1920
like waive like waiver LA 1920, because even if Little Albert took place in LA 1920 it would have needed a waaiver, Watson famous for little albert 1920 and Against Analytic introspection because it was Impossible to verify what someone was thinking and could produce Variable results
Little Albert 1920
Watson used the unconditioned stimulus, (a stimulus that produces the response we are looking for naturally without classical conditioning) of a loud noise to create the unconditioned response of fear in a child named Little Albert, then made it so that the loud noise was paired with a white rat causing little Albert to pair the loud noise with the white rat and eventually making him display the fear response when he saw the white rat alone, (making the white rat a conditioned stimulus and the fear it produced a conditioned response as this occurs as the result of conditioning/did not occur before conditioning)
Watson behaviourist not concerned with the mental processes behind little alberts fear just concerned with the stimulus- response aspect
How did Skinner contribute to Cognitive psychology?
Skinner I’d guess principle skinner who as a principle tries to use operant conditioning was around 38 however he does talk, (verbal behaviour) more like he is 57,
skinner pioneered operant conditioning in 1938, under operant conditioning skinner asserted that associations with reinforcements made it more likely for a behaviour to be repeated and association with punishment made it less likely for a behaviour to be repeated, (saw it like classical conditioning in that it dealt with associations influencing behaviour different in that it focused on the intention of behaviour being associated with consequence rather then just a random stimulus creating a random response).
Skinner in 1957 published verbal behaviour in which he asserted that language was learned from the process of children imitating speech and being rewarded.
How did Tolman contribute to cognitive psychology?
Tolman 38 told like told the other 38 man the truth using the other thing men are, rats! As Tolmans 1938 rat experiement proved that the other 38 man (skinner)’s 1938 theory of operant conditioning was not completely correct- that there was more controlling behaviour then operant conditioning.
Tolman’s rat maze experiment involved placing rats at entrance A of a maze and allowing them to learn the maze. Then had cheese placed at a spot that was a right turn away from entrance A, leading the rats to learn to turn right to get the cheese. The rats were then placed at enterance B, and the cheese was in the same spot only now since they were starting at enterance B they had to turn left to reach it, (note they ensured that the cheese could not be tracked by scent). According to operant conditioning the rats should associate right turns with being rewarded so they should turn right, however researchers found that instead the rats turned left despite not having turning left ever be previously rewarded, this lead researchers to conclude that reinforcement only was influencing behaviour. Reaserchers found instead that the rats had created a mental map of the maze and were using it to navigate it, important for cognitive psychology because it showed that processes inside the mind also determined behaviour, not just stimulus association and reinforcement.
How did Chomsky contribute to cognitive psychology?
SIPI C59
SIPI C, (like see) 59 like saying SIPI for sissy see 59 9s an example of incorrect grammer children might use and was one of Chomsky’s criticisms of Skinners 1957 verbal behaviour, (although skinner is likely 38 and would like to use operant conditioning on part he displays the verbal behaviour of a 57 year old- skinner operant conditioning 1938 verbal behaviour 1957)
Skinner Improper grammer, Punished, Inborn, Chomsky
SKINNERS1957 verbal behaviour is wrong because children use IMPROPER grammer that has not been modeled for them and repeat phrases that will get them PUNISHED instead argued that language learning is INBORN according to CHOMSKY 59
What is the cognitive revolution?
Psychologys shifting from mainly focusing on stimulus-response defining behaviour and to mainly focusing on the operation of the mind
Who coined the term scientific revolution?
Thomas Kuhn 1962 defined a sciatic revolution as a shift from one pattern to another
Science Kuhn can shift from one pattenr to 62 others if it wants to
Thomas Kuhn 1962 scientific revolution is a shift from one pattern to another
What is an information processing approach
IPS IS just like how IPS IS in computers the INFORMATION PROCESSING approach was inspired by how computers STORED INFORMATION in STAGES, saw the human mind as storing information in stages as well
How did Colin Cherry contribute to cognitive psychology?
Cherry 53 probably the name of a truck that is one message you could focus on from name other message is psychology message- just like how meaning of cherry 53 is influenced by which message you focus on colin cherry examined how people’s focus is impacted when they are hit with multiple messages through dichotic listnening, in colin cherry’s 1953 dichotic listening experiment he had participants put on a pair of headphones where one message was playing in one ear and a different in the other ear, he asked them to focus on the message playing in their left ear found they could understand the message that had been played in their left ear and heard the sound of the message that was played in their right ear but could not remember the contents of the message.
How did Donald Broadbent contribute to cognitive psychology?
all Broads can flow into the mind as long as they are not 58 is something donald trump might say also demonstrates the concept of filtering stimulus
psychologys donald Broadbent created the first flow diagram of the mind in 1958 where he saw multiple inputs entering the mind and the mind filtering out several leaving a few to be detected and remembered
How did John McCarthy contribute to cognitive psychology?
MC I 56 he was the MC I saw in 56 just like how MC means main speaker and John McCarthy was the main speaker at a conference on artifical intellegence in 1956
MCI 56
MCCARTHY was interested in if COMPUTERS could be programmed to complete behaviour that would be labeled as INTELLEGENT if a human performed it during a conference about artificial intellegence in 1956
How did Newell and Simon contribute to cognitive psychology?
Newell like New because created New computer program and advanced computers to new level by allowing them to be programmed to be able to use logic. Newell and Simon created the logic theorist the first computer program that could solve math problems that required logic to be solved.
How did George Miller contribute to cognitive psychology?
Miller m like mill about in memory for although he made this discovery in 56 found number was 7
George miller discovered that short term memroy could hold around 7 items 1956
How did Ulrich Neisser contribute to cognitive psychology?
Ulrich like all Neisser 67 like necesscary in order to enrichen psychology Ulrich Neisser invented the term cognitive psychology in 1967, by publishing the textbook cognitive psychology. Neisser’s book cognitive psychology did not cover much higher mental processes or how the mind related to physiology
Explain the model of memory?
MRR.SS ROLS 68 in 1968 because the creation of the memory model represented the 2 Richards, (if it is in your mind it is at your memory like atkinson and if not it has shifted out like shiffen) be MRR.SS on a ROLS in 68 because they were on a rol in 68 when they created the memory model. The MEMORY model was created by RICHARD Atkinson and RICHARD Shiffen and held that input would enter the SENSORY memory where it would be held for a fraction of a second then it could be transferred to SHORT term memory where it could be REHEARSED or OUTPUT if rehearsed it might enter LONG term memory where then upon retrieval it would go back to SHORT term memory, they created this model in 1968
How did Endel Tulving contribute to cognitive psychology?
Tulving like 3 tulving split the long term memory into 3 components ESP, like how we learned about ESP supernatural through a ATTWWD epesoid we remember listening to the episoide through our Episoidic memory which is our memory about our lifes events, however if we wanted to get into the semantics it could also be a semantic memory as it deals with potential fact and our semantic memory is our memory for facts, lastly is esp is part of ghost hunting procedure just like how our procedural memory is our last type of long term memory and refers to our memory for physical procedures, (muscle memory)
