Chapter 1 Flashcards
5 Major Branches of Psychology
Psychoanalytic
Humanistic
Cognitive
Behavioral
Biological
Psychoanalytic:
- What determines personality/behavior?
- Who developed this theory?
- Key words/concepts:
- The unconscious…often originating in childhood. Difficult to reach/understand the unconscious.
- Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson, Carl Jung
- deterministic, unconscious
Humanistic
- What determines personality/behavior?
- Who developed this theory?
- Key words/concepts:
- focuses on innate goodness of man, personal responsibility, and free will
- Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers
- free will, self-actualization, conscious
Cognitive:
- What determines personality/behavior?
- Who developed this theory?
- Key words/concepts:
- stresses the mental processes, logic, and rationality as source of personality/behavior
- Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, Jean Piaget
- learning, memory, language, problem solving
Behavioral:
- What determines personality/behavior?
- Who developed this theory?
- Outward manifestation of personality are all learned from experience and environment
- Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner, Albert Bandura
Biological:
- What determines personality/behavior?
- personality and behavior can be explained in physical terms, such as resulting from genes, hormones, and neurotransmitters.
Define
Theory
A related set of ideas that explain some concept - this can be vague and general
Define
Hypothesis
A specific statement that supports the theory that can actually be tested and is quantifiable.
Define
Naturalistic Observation
With Pros and Cons
Observing subject in their natural environment.
Pro: real behavior in real world.
Con: cannot observe private behavior. Tells WHAT people do but NOT WHY
Define
Case Study
With Pros and Cons
an intense study of one subject or issue; much and varied data is collected
Pro: lots of info
Con: only refers to 1 subject; may not apply to any other.
Correlation
A statistical analysis of the relationship between 2 variables
What are the 4 Goals of Science?
- Describe
- Explain
- Predict
- Control
“Scientific” Criteria
FORT
Falsifiable-Idea/hypothesis must be theoretically able to be proven false
Objective-Idea/hypothesis must be stated objectively, without value judgements
Replicable-Idea/hypothesis must be able to be repeated, especially in other times and places
Testable-Idea/hypothesis must be specific and measurable
independent variable
the variable that a researcher actively manipulates or changes in an experiment to observe its effect on another variable
dependent variable
the variable that is measured and expected to change as a result of manipulating the independent variable in an experiment
confounding variable
a third variable that influences both the independent and dependent variables in a study, potentially distorting the observed relationship between them and making it difficult to accurately determine the true cause and effect between the primary variables of interest
extraneous variable
any variable that is not the primary focus of a research study but could still potentially influence the results, affecting the relationship between the independent and dependent variables if not properly controlled for
correlation coefficient
a statistical measure that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables, expressed as a number ranging from -1 (perfect negative correlation) to +1 (perfect positive correlation), with 0 signifying no correlation; essentially, it tells you how closely two variables tend to change together, either in the same direction (positive) or opposite directions (negative)
correlational method
refers to a research design that examines the relationship between two or more variables without manipulating any of them
debriefing
a process where researchers explain the details of a study to participants after they have completed it. Debriefing is a vital part of the informed consent process and is required for studies that involve deception. The purpose of debriefing is to ensure that participants are not harmed by the study and to return them to the state they were in before participating
descriptive research
a type of study that aims to systematically observe and describe the characteristics of a population or phenomenon without manipulating variables
double-blind study
a type of experiment where neither the participants nor the researchers know which treatment or intervention the participants are receiving until the study is over.
functionalism
a theory that views mental life and behavior as a way for humans to adapt to their environment
informed consent
a process that involves providing a client or research participant with all the information they need to make an informed decision about participating in a psychological service or research study.
population
the entire group of individuals (people, animals, or even situations) that a researcher is interested in studying and wants to generalize their findings to
sample
a subset of a population that is selected for study
operational definition
a specific, concrete description of a variable or concept in a study, outlining the exact procedures and methods used to measure or observe it, allowing for replication and clear understanding of how the concept is being studied within that particular research context
random assigment
the process of allocating participants to different groups in an experiment using a chance procedure
