CHAPTER 1 Flashcards
Is a branch of Mathematics which deals with the collection, organization, presentation, analysis and interpretation of numerical data for the purpose of assisting in making a more effective decision.
STATISTICS
refers to a set of mathematical procedures for organizing, summarizing and interpreting information
STATISTICS
This refers to the process of gathering numerical information ( How is this done?)
Collection of data
This refers to the exposition and arrangement of data ( How is this done?)
Presentation of data
A data representation refers to a rectangular arrangement of data in which the data are positioned in rows and columns.
Tabular data
This refers to the activity of describing the properties, characteristics or behavior of the data using statistical procedures both descriptive and inferential (looking for patterns in the data)
Analysis of data
This refers to the activities that involve explanation of the meaning of statistical findings for the formation of valid conclusions and inferences. Such methods involve testing the significance of the results. Correct interpretation of results will lead to a valid conclusion of the study and hence can aid in making correct decisions.
Interpretation of data
Understanding statistics is crucial to being able to read psychology research articles.
* Important to doing research yourself
* Understanding statistics develops your analytic and critical thinking.
Importance of Statistics in Psychology
It is a characteristic that takes on different values for different individuals in a sample (anything that changes)
Ex. Memory storage capacity, anxiety, gender, academic performance counseling method.
VARIABLE
that which is presumed to be the cause or the antecedent condition (Explanatory Variable); that which is controlled or manipulated
Independent Variable
the effect or the resultant change in behavior due to change in the independent variable (Outcome Variable)
Dependent Variable
It is only one variable is involved (age when celebrities lost their virginity)
Univariable
It is the data are classified on the basis of two variables
Ice cream sales and temperature
Bivariable
classified according to some attributes (categorical)
Ex. civil status, religious affiliation
QUALITATIVE VARIABLE-
are classified according to numerical characteristics
Ex. height , pulse rate, time
QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE
are variables whose values are obtained by counting
Ex. Number of students in the class, report on covid cases, suicide attempts during the pandemic
DISCRETE VARIABLE
are variables whose values are obtained by measuring ( height, weight, temperature. Intelligence physical attractiveness)
CONTINUOUS VARIABLE
This comprise those methods concerned with collecting, describing, and analyzing a set of data from a sample without drawing conclusions or inferences about a large group
Descriptive Statistics
This comprise those methods concerned with the analysis of sample data leading to predictions or inferences about the population (If sample of psych major shows above normal IQ, can this be generalized to all Psych majors?
Inferential Statistics
Types of Hypothesis
This hypothesis always predicts that there will be no differences between the groups ( if research design is an experiment the experimental and control groups do not differ in the DV measure ) the IV has no effect;
Null hypothesis
Types of Hypothesis
This predicts that there is a difference between the groups being studied; there is an effect
Alternative hypothesis
Types of Hypothesis
This predicts that there will be a difference but does not specify how the groups will differ.
Nondirectional Hypothesis
Type of hypothesis
this predicts that there will be a difference between the two groups and it specifies how the two groups will differ (use comparison words like better or worse, greater or lesser, higher or lower, increases or decreases)
Ex. The group that watched violent cartoon show is likely to have more aggressive thoughts than those that watched non-violent cartoon show.
Directional Hypothesis
Type of scale of measurement.
It is categorical data used to classify
No order or magnitude
(ex. Gender, Numbers on Jerseys, counseling method, Psychotherapeutic Techniques)
- Nominal Scale
Type of scale of measurement
It is a categorical data, characteristics of nominal data but can be ranked
- order but no magnitude
(ex. Highest Educational Attainment, Likert Scale Data –Attitude towards wearing of face shield)-
5 – Strongly agree, 4- Agree 3- Neutral, 2- Disagree 1- Strongly Disagree
- Ordinal Scale
Type of scale of measurement
It is a measured data
the distance between measurement points represents equal magnitude
e.g. the interval between the scores of 10 and 20 is the same as the interval between scores of 80 and 90
no absolute zero value
- Interval Scale
3 Ways of Presenting Analyzed Data
- Textual
- Tabular
- Graphical/ Figures
Type of scale of measurement
It is a Same properties as the interval scale
* Has absolute zero value
* Absolute 0 point permits the use of ratios
(e.g. A is “twice as large” as B)
Examples: weight, number of children, annual income
RATIO SCALE
Types of statistical charts
- line chart
- vertical bar chart
- horizontal bar chart
- pictograph
- pie chart
- statistical map