CHAPTER 1

Question 1

Is a branch of Mathematics which deals with the collection, organization, presentation, analysis and interpretation of numerical data for the purpose of assisting in making a more effective decision.

Answer 1

STATISTICS

Question 2

refers to a set of mathematical procedures for organizing, summarizing and interpreting information

Answer 2

STATISTICS

Question 3

This refers to the process of gathering numerical information ( How is this done?)

Answer 3

Collection of data

Question 4

This refers to the exposition and arrangement of data ( How is this done?)

Answer 4

 Presentation of data

Question 5

A data representation refers to a rectangular arrangement of data in which the data are positioned in rows and columns.

Answer 5

Tabular data

Question 6

This refers to the activity of describing the properties, characteristics or behavior of the data using statistical procedures both descriptive and inferential (looking for patterns in the data)

Answer 6

Analysis of data

Question 7

This refers to the activities that involve explanation of the meaning of statistical findings for the formation of valid conclusions and inferences. Such methods involve testing the significance of the results. Correct interpretation of results will lead to a valid conclusion of the study and hence can aid in making correct decisions.

Answer 7

Interpretation of data

Question 8

Understanding statistics is crucial to being able to read psychology research articles.
* Important to doing research yourself
* Understanding statistics develops your analytic and critical thinking.

Answer 8

Importance of Statistics in Psychology

Question 9

It is a characteristic that takes on different values for different individuals in a sample (anything that changes)
Ex. Memory storage capacity, anxiety, gender, academic performance counseling method.

Answer 9

VARIABLE

Question 10

that which is presumed to be the cause or the antecedent condition (Explanatory Variable); that which is controlled or manipulated

Answer 10

Independent Variable

Question 11

the effect or the resultant change in behavior due to change in the independent variable (Outcome Variable)

Answer 11

Dependent Variable

Question 12

It is only one variable is involved (age when celebrities lost their virginity)

Answer 12

Univariable

Question 13

It is the data are classified on the basis of two variables
Ice cream sales and temperature

Answer 13

Bivariable

Question 14

classified according to some attributes (categorical)
Ex. civil status, religious affiliation

Answer 14

QUALITATIVE VARIABLE-

Question 15

are classified according to numerical characteristics
Ex. height , pulse rate, time

Answer 15

QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE

Question 16

are variables whose values are obtained by counting
Ex. Number of students in the class, report on covid cases, suicide attempts during the pandemic

Answer 16

DISCRETE VARIABLE

Question 17

are variables whose values are obtained by measuring ( height, weight, temperature. Intelligence physical attractiveness)

Answer 17

CONTINUOUS VARIABLE

Question 18

This comprise those methods concerned with collecting, describing, and analyzing a set of data from a sample without drawing conclusions or inferences about a large group

Answer 18

Descriptive Statistics

Question 19

This comprise those methods concerned with the analysis of sample data leading to predictions or inferences about the population (If sample of psych major shows above normal IQ, can this be generalized to all Psych majors?

Answer 19

Inferential Statistics

Question 20

Types of Hypothesis
This hypothesis always predicts that there will be no differences between the groups ( if research design is an experiment the experimental and control groups do not differ in the DV measure ) the IV has no effect;

Answer 20

Null hypothesis

Question 21

Types of Hypothesis
This predicts that there is a difference between the groups being studied; there is an effect

Answer 21

Alternative hypothesis

Question 22

Types of Hypothesis
This predicts that there will be a difference but does not specify how the groups will differ.

Answer 22

Nondirectional Hypothesis

Question 23

Type of hypothesis
this predicts that there will be a difference between the two groups and it specifies how the two groups will differ (use comparison words like better or worse, greater or lesser, higher or lower, increases or decreases)
Ex. The group that watched violent cartoon show is likely to have more aggressive thoughts than those that watched non-violent cartoon show.

Answer 23

Directional Hypothesis

Question 24

Type of scale of measurement.

It is categorical data used to classify
No order or magnitude
(ex. Gender, Numbers on Jerseys, counseling method, Psychotherapeutic Techniques)

Answer 24

1. Nominal Scale

Question 25

Type of scale of measurement
It is a categorical data, characteristics of nominal data but can be ranked
- order but no magnitude
(ex. Highest Educational Attainment, Likert Scale Data –Attitude towards wearing of face shield)-
5 – Strongly agree, 4- Agree 3- Neutral, 2- Disagree 1- Strongly Disagree

Answer 25

2. Ordinal Scale

Question 26

Type of scale of measurement
It is a measured data
 the distance between measurement points represents equal magnitude
e.g. the interval between the scores of 10 and 20 is the same as the interval between scores of 80 and 90
 no absolute zero value

Answer 26

3. Interval Scale

Question 27

3 Ways of Presenting Analyzed Data

Answer 27

• Textual
• Tabular
• Graphical/ Figures

Question 28

Type of scale of measurement
It is a Same properties as the interval scale
* Has absolute zero value
* Absolute 0 point permits the use of ratios
(e.g. A is “twice as large” as B)
Examples: weight, number of children, annual income

Answer 28

RATIO SCALE

Question 29

Types of statistical charts

Answer 29

• line chart
• vertical bar chart
• horizontal bar chart
• pictograph
• pie chart
• statistical map