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8th grade history > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What two events during the Middle Ages revived European interest in the Orient?

A

crusades and Marco Polo’s writings

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2
Q

How did a revival in trade inspire the Renaissance?

A

Increased trade with the East resulted in an exposure to new ideas, inventions, and cultures.

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3
Q

What invention was most important in bringing Europe out of the Dark Ages? Who introduced it and when?

A

movable-type printing press; Johann Gutenberg; 1440

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4
Q

Why did the Europeans want an all-water route to Asia?

A

to make travel easier and safer, to establish direct trade routes, and to bypass the Italians who controlled trade between the East and the West

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5
Q

How did the Renaissance encourage voyages and exploration?

A

through the advances made in the science of navigation

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6
Q

Who is Leif Erricson?

A

A Viking from Scandinavia belived to hav landed on the shores of North America around A. D. 1000

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7
Q

What is Christendom?

A

The nations that professed to be Christians.

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8
Q

What is the middle class?

A

the merchants and traders

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9
Q

Who is Kublai Khan?

A

The ruler of China at the time Marco Polo (around 1200 A. D.) was in China

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10
Q

Who is Prince Henry the Navigator?

A

He founded a navigation school In mid 1400’s. He was from Portugal.

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11
Q

What was the Protestant Reformation?

A

Began in 1517. Began a revival of biblical Christianity.

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12
Q

Who is Martin Luther?

A

Roman Catholic monk who protested false doctrines of the church by nailing his Ninety-five Theses to the church door. Around 1500 A.D.

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13
Q

What is one possible explanation for how the indigenous peoples arrived in the Americas?

A

a land bridge

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14
Q

What were two facts that Christopher Columbus did not know when he sailed west?

A

Columbus was unaware of the great distance between Europe and Asia, and he did not realize that North and South America lay between Europe and Asia.

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15
Q

Which nation was the leader in exploration in the 1400’s

A

Portugal

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16
Q

Who agreed to sponsor Columbus? What nation was Columbus representing when he sailed west?

A

Ferdinand and Isabella; Spain

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17
Q

Where did Columbus first land in 1492?

A

San Salvador, an island in the West Indies

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18
Q

Why did Columbus call the inhabitants of the islands he discovered Indians?

A

He believed he had reached the Indies in the Far East.

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19
Q

Who is credited with first recognizing that the land discovered by Columbus was an unknown continent?

A

Amerigo Vespucci

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20
Q

What is maize?

A

corn

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21
Q

What is Arawak and Carib?

A

Arawak was a friendly tribe
Carib was a tribe of cannibals

22
Q

What is Cuba?

A

Island in the west indies

23
Q

What is Hispaniola?

A

Name of island that today is called Haiti and the Dominican Republic.

24
Q

Who was the most famous African to explore the New World?

A

Estevanico

25
Q

Who made the first Spanish landing on the North American continent?

A

Juan Ponce de León

26
Q

Who sighted the Pacific Ocean? Why was this significant?

A

Vasco de Balboa; Europeans realized a vast ocean lay between the New World and Far East

27
Q

Who conquered the Aztecs of Mexico? Who was the powerful ruler of the Aztecs?

A

Hernando Cortés; Montezuma Il

28
Q

In what ways was the Aztec civilization similar to the native societies in North America?

A

similarities-they practiced a pagan religion; differences-they had a written language and had their own form of architecture

29
Q

What factors contributed to the rivalry between Spain and England?

A

Queen Elizabeth’s sea dogs, like Sir Francis Drake, and religion

30
Q

What did the Catholic church undertake to combat the Protestant Reformation?

A

Counter-Reformation

31
Q

Why was the defeat of the Spanish Armada so important to the colonization of the New World?

A

England would now be free to lay the groundwork for political and religious freedom in North America.

32
Q

Who were the conquistadors?

A

Spanish conquerors who led armies of Spanish soldiers to forcefully subdue the native inhabitants and who brought enslaved Africans to the New World

33
Q

Who was Ferdinand Magellan?

A

led the first voyage around the world

34
Q

Francisco Pizarro

A

conquered the Inca of Peru

35
Q

Who is Francisco Coronado?

A

discovered the Grand Canyon

36
Q

Who was Hernando de Soto?

A

discovered the Mississippi River

37
Q

Who was Juan Cabrillo?

A

Explored the coast of present-day California and possibly Oregon

38
Q

Who was St. Augustine?

A

first permanent European settlement in the present-day United States

39
Q

What is Santa Fe?

A

Served as the capital of the Spanish colonies in the American Southwest

40
Q

What is San Diego?

A

first European settlement in present-day California

41
Q

What body of water in the New World did the first French explorers come in search of?

A

Northwest Passage

42
Q

What group of French Protestants settled on the coasts of South Carolina and Florida?

A

Huguenots

43
Q

What was the relationship between the French and the Indigenous peoples?

A

They developed agood relationship because of the fur trade.

44
Q

Why did New France fail to become heavily populated?

A

Most French colonists were hunters and traders and never established
permanent homes; they lacked self-government; and they lacked religious freedom.

45
Q

What are some ways in which French influence is seen in North America today?

A

The French influence on North
America can be seen in geographical names, religion, government, customs, and traditions especially in eastern Canada, the Great Lakes region, and the state of Louisiana. New Orleans is probably the best- known city of French heritage in the United States.

46
Q

Identify Jacques Cartier

A

Led the expedition that discovered the St. Lawrence River

47
Q

Identify Quebec

A

first permanent French settle- ment in the New World; established in 1608

48
Q

Identify Samuel de Champlain

A

Father of New France; established Quebec

49
Q

Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet

A

led an expedition of the central Mississippi River

50
Q

Identify Robert Cavelier de La Salle

A

claimed the entire Mississippi Valley for France and named it “Louisiana”

51
Q

Identify New Orleans

A

founded in 1718; proba- bly the best-known city of French heritage in the United States

8th grade history (3 decks)

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