Chapter 1

Question 1

Psychology

Answer 1

Study of behavior and mental processes

Question 2

4 goals of psych

Answer 2

Description, explanation, prediction, control

Question 3

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 3

Father of psych; consciousness could be broken down into basic elements (thoughts, experiences, and emotions); objective introspection

Question 4

Edward Titchener

Answer 4

Developed structuralism that focuses on breaking down mental processes into their most basic elements/structures

Question 5

William James

Answer 5

Developed functionalism that focuses on how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play (to function)

Question 6

Max Wertheimer

Answer 6

Created Gestalt psychology that focuses on perception and sensation, particularly the perception of patterns and whole figures

Question 7

Sigmund Freud

Answer 7

Believed we repress threatening urges/desires from childhood and when they try to surface they create nervous disorders; created psychoanalysis- theory of personality that past changes present

Question 8

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 8

Studied classical conditioning through dog salivation

Question 9

John B. Watson

Answer 9

Created behaviorism that focuses on observable behavior that can be directly seen and measured

Question 10

B.F. Skinner

Answer 10

Developed behavioral perspective, continued classical conditioning, and founding operant conditioning

Question 11

Abraham Maslow

Answer 11

Founded humanistic perspective that focuses on aspects of personality that make people uniquely human (subjective feelings and freedom of choice) and human growth potential

Question 12

Critical thinking

Answer 12

Making reasoned judgements about claims

Question 13

Scientific approach

Answer 13

Measured system of gathering data so that bias and error is reduced/nonexistent

Question 14

Steps of the scientific approach

Answer 14

Make observation, perceive question, form hypothesis, test hypotheses, draw conclusion, record results

Question 15

Hypothesis

Answer 15

Tentative explanation of a phenomenon based on an observation

Question 16

Observer effect

Answer 16

Tendency for ppl/animals to act different from their normal when they know they’re being observed

Question 17

Participant observation

Answer 17

Observer becomes a participant in the group being observed in order to hide

Question 18

Observer bias

Answer 18

tendency of observers to see what they expect to see

Question 19

Case study

Answer 19

study of one single individual or group situation in great detail

Question 20

Representative sample

Answer 20

randomly selected sample of participants from a larger population of participants

Question 21

Population

Answer 21

entire group of ppl/animals in which researcher is interested in

Question 22

Correlation

Answer 22

Measure of relationship between two variables

Question 23

Correlation coefficient

Answer 23

Number representing strength and direction of relationship existing between two variables

Question 24

Experiment

Answer 24

Deliberate manipulation of a variable to see if corresponding changes in behavior result, allowing determination of cause and effect relationship (if exists)

Question 25

Operationalization

Answer 25

Specific description of a variable of interest that allows it to be measured

Question 26

Independent variable

Answer 26

Variable manipulated

Question 27

Dependent variable

Answer 27

Variable that represents measurable response/behavior of participants in experiment

Question 28

Experimental group

Answer 28

Participants who are exposed to the independent variable

Question 29

Control group

Answer 29

Participants who aren’t exposed to independent variable

Question 30

Random assignment

Answer 30

Assigning participants to the experimental or control group randomly

Question 31

Placebo effect

Answer 31

Phenomenon when expectations of participants influence their behavior

Question 32

Experimenter bias

Answer 32

Tendency for experimenter’s expectations for a study to unintentionally influence the results

Question 33

Single blind study

Answer 33

study in which participants dont know if they’re in experimental or control group

Question 34

Double blind study

Answer 34

Study in which neither experimenter or participants know if participants are in experimental or control group