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Wet cargo operations > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is petroleum

A

a complex mixture of hydrogen and carbon molecules

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2
Q

What is the simplest hydrocarbon

A

Methane

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3
Q

Hyrdocarbon molecules join together to form what

A

chains

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4
Q

Chains of less than five carbons exist as what

A

gases

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5
Q

Chains of five and twenty exist as what

A

liquids

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6
Q

Chains of over twenty exist as what

A

solids

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7
Q

Hydrocarbon molecules can form into chains of different shapes. This will

A

give substances with the same carbon count different characteristics.

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8
Q

What is volatility

A

tendency of a substance to evaporate at normal temperatures.

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9
Q

It is the ________ given off from a substance that burns, not the substance
itself

A

Vapour

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10
Q

When is vapour given off

A

evaporation process

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11
Q

When evaporation equals condensation….

A

Saturation conditions exist

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12
Q

The pressure exerted when saturation occurs is the _________. _________. ________ (SVP) and this is related to temperature

A

Saturated vapour pressure

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13
Q

If SVP equals atmospheric pressure (approx 1 bar) then…..

A

the liquid will boil

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14
Q

Evaporation takes place from the liquid surface, boiling occurs from…..

A

within the liquid

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15
Q

Volatile substances evaporate…

A

rapidly

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16
Q

Non-volatile substances evaporate

A

slowly

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17
Q

Evaporation is affected by
x 4

A

Evaporation is affected by:
1. Temperature
2. Surface Area
3. Liquid to vapour ratio
4. Turbulence

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18
Q

What does TVP mean

A

True Vapour Pressure

19
Q

What is TVP

A

is the highest pressure possible but is difficult to calculate

20
Q

What does RVP stand for

A

Reid Vapour Pressure

21
Q

What does RVP do

A

is a useful test for comparing the volatility of
different products but does not give an indication of the likely vapour generation within a cargo tank

22
Q

Hydrocarbon vapour is usually denser than…

A

air

23
Q

What is flashpoint

A

is the lowest temperature at which a substance gives off enough vapour to briefly ignite when an external source of ignition is applied

24
Q

What is flashpoint a measure of

A

is a measure of a substances flammability

25
Q

What does flashpoint dictate

A

dictates when a liquid is becoming flammable

26
Q

Tanker cargoes are classified as volatile or non-volatile according to their….

A

flashpoint

27
Q

If the flashpoint is below 60oC then

A

the substance is volatile

28
Q

If the flashpoint is 60oC or above

A

the substance is non-volatile

29
Q

What does AIT stand for

A

Auto Ignition Temp

30
Q

What is AIT

A

is the temperature at which a
substance will ignite without the application of an external ignition source

31
Q

There is no direct correlation between flashpoint and…..

A

auto ignition temp

32
Q
  • Three things are required for a fire to occur; fuel, oxygen and heat, (source
    of ignition)
  • The combination of these must be in the correct proportion to create a fire:
A
  • Oxygen: 11 to 21% by volume
  • Fuel (petroleum gas): 1 – 10% by volume
  • Sufficient heat energy to ignite a flammable mixture
33
Q

What does LFL stand for

A

Lower flammable limit

34
Q

What is LFL

A

is the lowest concentration of
hydrocarbon gas in air to support combustion

35
Q

What does UFL stand for

A

Upper flammable limit

36
Q

What is UFL

A

is the highest concentration of
hydrocarbon gas in air to support combustion

37
Q

The range between the LFL and the UFL is known as the

A

Flammable range

38
Q

Area above the UFL is termed

A

Too rich

39
Q

Area below the LFL is termed

A

Too lean

40
Q

Region belowe 11% oxygen is termed

A

inert

41
Q

Toxic means

A

Poisonous

42
Q

3 main routes of entry for toxic substances

A
  1. ingestion
  2. inhalation
  3. through the skin
43
Q

What is the main problem of cargo vapour

A

inhalation

44
Q
  • Inhalation of cargo vapour is the main problem
  • Poisons either act in the short term (_____) or long term (_____)
  • Petroleum may contain hydrogen ________ (acute) or ________ (chronic)
A

acute
chronic
sulphide
benzene

Wet cargo operations (9 decks)

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