CHAPTER 1 Flashcards
- deals with the diagnosis of disease by laboratory means
- It involves the collection and examination of body fluids and interpretations of laboratory findings. It is applied in both animals and humans.
Clinical Pathology
It supports the diagnosis of disease using laboratory testing of blood and other bodily fluids, tissues, and microscopic evaluation of individual cells.
Clinical pathology
Enumerate yhe Basic Clinical Pathology Laboratory
Equipment:
- Microscope (conventional light microscope)
- Microhematocrit centrifuge (capable of 12,000 rpm)
- Standard clinical centrifuge
- Refractometer
- Differential counter
- Hand tally
- Interval timer
- Hemocytometer
Chemicals, drugs and other materials
- Red and White cells diluting fluid.
- Blood stains; Giemsa’s or Wright’s
- Gram’s Stain (complete i.e., V.I.A.S.)
- Biochemical analyses kits (commercial)
- Preparations for determinations of proteins,
glucose, blood,bilirubin. - Zinc sulfate, NaCl or sugar for parasite flotation test.
- A. Fixatives: formalin (10% buffered)
B. Anticoagulants; EDTA, double oxalates,Alsever’s
solution
C. Distilled water
D. Oil Immersion
Example of Blood stains
Giemsa’s or Wright’s
Example of Gram’s Stain
(V.I.A.S.)
1. Crystal Violet
2. Iodine
3. Alcohol Decolouriser
4. Safranin
Example of Fixatives
formalin (10% buffered)
Example of Anticoagulants
EDTA
double oxalates
Alsever’s solution
The most commonly used site in the horse, cattle, sheep, goat, camel
and large wild mammals: used occasionally in small animals
Jugular vein
Jugular vein: The most commonly used site in what animals?
horse, cattle, sheep, goat, camel
and large wild mammals: occasionally in small animals
Cephalic vein - The most commonly used site for collection of small amount of blood in what animal?
dog
The most commonly used site for collection of small amount of blood in the dog. By constricting the area on the
dorsal aspects of the fore limb at the level of the elbow which can be raised beginning just above the carpal vein.
Cephalic vein
can be used in small dog, pig, cat and small lab animals (small dog, rabbit, guinea pig, and monkey). A marginal vein
on the dorsal side of the ear is selected
Ear vein
Ear vein- can be used in what animals?
small dog, pig, cat and small lab animals (small dog, rabbit, guinea pig, and monkey)
In ear vein, this type of vein is used for blood collection located
on the dorsal side of the ear is selected
marginal vein
can be used in small dog, puppy, guinea pig etc
Toe or Toe nail
Toe or Toe nail – can be used in what animals
small dog, puppy, guinea pig
How many drops of blood should be collected in the toe or toe nail?
Take 20-40 drops as well as 80 drops (4ml) of blood
can be used in pig, cattle, sheep, rat, and mouse
Tail
Tail – can be used in what animals?
pig, cattle, sheep, rat, and mouse
In the tail, the coccygeal vein on the ventral side is use
Venipuncture
In the tail, it is commonest method used in the rat and mouse
Amputation
Heart – may be used in animals like?
bird, fish
Femoral or Tibial vessels – used in?
dog, cat, small mammals, rat
used for dairy cattle
Mammary vein
used for the pig
Anterior vena cava
Retro orbital Venus plexus – used in animals like?
for the rat, mouse, guinea pig
A best method for obtaining a large quantity of blood (1ml) in mouse
Retro orbital Venus plexus
This technique is reported to be less traumatic than others
Retro orbital Venus plexus
used for birds
alar vein
are for tests requiring clotted blood
Red-stopper tubes
contain EDTA in concentrated liquid or desiccated powderform
Lavender stopper tubes
contain heparin and are used for blood gases, PH, (CO2, O2)….
Green stopper tubes –
– contain oxalates, fluorides, or citrates
Gray stopper tubes
– available with Acid Citrate Dextrose (ACD) solution or physiologicalsaline
Yellow stopper tubes
