Chapter 1 Flashcards
Describe the Act of Union and year
1840
Because the Parti Patriote do not have their bills passed by the government, they rebel. Lord Durham then merged Upper and Lower Canada. This was a method to assimilate the French because now they have the same number of seats as Upper Canada in the legislative assembly (even though their population is higher) and share the same debts.
Describe the reformer alliance and year
1841
Reformers wanted responsible government and French rights whereas conservatives did not. Baldwin and Lafontaine are reformers who want to achieve responsible government.
What is responsible government?
A system where members of the executive council are APPOINTED from the legislative assembly by the prime minister
When was responsible government achieved and how?
1848
Governor Elgin allowed Baldwin and Lafontaine to create a cabinet. They’re dual prime ministers and power is now with elected officials.
Which 3 bills were passed by the reformers after responsible government was achieved and why?
These bills benefitted the french canadians and were meant to test responsible government. Governor Elgin had the power to veto bills but did not due to his belief of responsible government:
-rebellion losses bill
-official languages act
-amnesty act
Describe the reciprocity treaty and year
1854
Because Canada adopted free trade (Britain ended protectionism in 1846), they needed to find a new trading partner: the US! They traded materials across the border without tariffs and trade between the two countries increases. In 1866, USA ends the treaty and Canada will turn to the maritime colonies to trade.
Explain the manifest destiny
American idea that it is the USA’s destiny to control the entire north american continent. canada feared this and did not want them to settle the west.
Explain ministerial instability
to form a majority government, a party must win double majority (upper and lower canada)
from 1854-1864 (10 years), there were 10 minority governments in the province
Describe the great coalition: year, who is involved, and the goal
1864
George Brown (leader of clear grits) proposes an alliance/coalition to solve ministerial instability. MacDonald and Cartier agree. So, they form a coalition government and form a majority within the assembly.
They propose confederation
What is confederation? year?
the union of all British colonies in North America. happens in 1867!!!!
What is representation by population (rep by pop) and who was it introduced by?
Introduced by george brown, rep by pop is a system in which the number of members elected to the legislative assembly is in proportion to the population of each region.
Does rep by pop benefit UC or LC
Upper Canada, anglos now have the larger population
What are the 3 conferences that lead to confederation?
Charlottetown 1864
quebec 1864
london 1866
What is the power of disallowance?
the federal government’s ability to reject any provincial laws
What is the British north america act (BNA Act) and when was it established?
july 1, 1867 (canada day)
British law that allowed the dominion of canada to be created.
What were the first four provinces of Canada?
Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia
What is a provision government?
emergency governmental authority set up to manage a political transition
what is protectionism?
Protectionism refers to government policies that restrict international trade to help domestic industries. These policies can include tariffs, subsidies, import quotas, or other restrictions placed on foreign competitors’ imports. Ex Great Britain and Canada
Which was the first resistance between the Metis and Canadian government? Which year?
1869- Red River Resistance
Explain the Red River Resistance
Canadian government starts to settle the west but ignores the rights of metis living there, by sending surveyors to divide land for new settlers. Louis riel (leader) stoops surveyers from entering metis territory. riel sets up a provisional gvt and sends demands to Ottawa
what are the 2 demands louis riel asks ottawa during the red river resistance?
- respect for land rights and culture
- they want provincial status and a seat in the house of commons
what is a consequence of the red river resistance?
manitoba becomes a province in 1870
When was the Indian Act and what was its goal?
1876 (opposite of confederation)
The goal was to control and assimilate First Nations people by giving up their right to vote, dance and own property. They each had their own numbers- this was dehumanizing.
What is a union?
Group of workers who fight for better working conditions.
What is a consequence of bad working conditions?
Creation of unions
What is a consequence of the creation of unions?
Government introduces legislation to improve working conditions
Parti Rouge is (Upper/Lower) Canada run by _______.
Parti Rouge is Lower Canada run by Antoine Aime Dorion. (accent on e)
Clear Grit is (Upper/Lower) Canada run by _____.
Clear Grit is Lower Canada run by George Brown.
Parti Bleu is (Upper/Lower) Canada run by _____.
Parti Bleu is Upper Canada run by Georges-Etienne Cartier.
Conservative is (Upper/Lower) Canada run by _____.
Conservative is Upper Canada run by John A. MacDonald.
Which of the four parties is liberal?
Parti Rouge and Clear Grit (LC Parties)
Which of the four parties is conservative?
Parti Bleu and Conservative (UC Parties)
Who is Louis Riel?
Leader of the metis
Who is Honore Mercier?
Premier of Quebec who called the first interprovincial conference
Who is cure labelle?
Introduced agriculturalism
In Quebec, there was an agricultural crisis, few jobs on farms and overpopulation. So, people started to move to cities or the USA.
What did Quebec do in order to resolve this problem?
Northern Quebec is opens new lands of colonization. This is the concept of algriculturalism- introduced by cure labelle.
What year is the national policy introduced and what was its aim?
1879
Aim to create a bigger domestic market for Canadian goods
What were three methods John A. MacDonald used to make the National Policy a success? Which were successful?
-High protective tariffs (not successful)
-Settle the West via immigration (successful)
-Railway Construction (successful)
Which industry becomes th emost important by the end of the 19th century?
Dairy Industry
The forest Industry continued to expand during this time. What were the three main regions and why?
Outaouais, Mauricie and Saguenay because they were located near waterways (which is essential to transport wood)
What is Ultramontanism?
Belief that the church should be involved in all spheres of society
What is Anticlericalism?
opposition to the influence of the Church in spheres other than religious life
When was the Grand Trunk Railway built and what did it link?
1852
It linked Ontario and Quebec to eastern parts in USA
When was the Intercolonial Railway built and what did it link?
1876
Linked Grand Trunk to Nova Scotia and New Brunswick
In 1971, British Colombia wants to join confederation on one condition- what is this condition?
Canada must complete a transcontinental railway within 10 years
When was the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) built and what does it link?
1885
Canada is linked coast to coast
True/False; In 1854, there is an abolition of seigneurial systems
true
When was the first phase of Industrialization?
1850-1896
In the first phase of Industrialization, what were the location of Industries?
Montreal
QC city
Sherbrooke (cites)
In the first phase of Industrialization, what were the types of industry/products?
leather/shoes
textiles (clothing)
food (flour, dairy)
tobacco
nails and spikes (for railway)
In the first phase of Industrialization, what were the transportation developments?
Canals, railways, steamboats
In the first phase of Industrialization, what were the energy sources?
STEAMPOWER and coal
In the first phase of Industrialization, who was the investor?
Britain
In the first phase of Industrialization, what were some of the effects on society?
-Cities growing
-difficult and unsanitary working conditions
-disparity between working and business class
What major event occurred in 1847 that caused a high immigration rate to Canada?
Potato Famine
Due to fungus in potatoes n shit people came here via coffin ships.
because there was an insane amount of disease on those ships, people had to quarantine at Grosse Ile. The Irish were blamed for the spread of disease. not cool dude.
When was the northwest resistance and what happened
1885
2nd interaction Quebec dipshits vs Metis
Canadian surveyors moved further into land occupied by first nations. Louis Riel would lead another resistance, but MacDonald would send an army to fight the metis. The resistance failed and Riel was found guilty, arrested and hung for treason
What is the goal of industrial capitalism?
to expand industry and make more profit
What is a division of labour?
unskilled work and labour divided
What are 3 consequences of the recession/economic downturn in the early 1870s?
-exports decrease
-high unemployment
-high bankruptcies
Explain “survival nationalism” used by the French Canadians
After the rebellions of the 1840s, French Canadians turn to the Church in order to ensure the survival of their faith and language
What caused for the emigration of French Canadians to cities and the USA?
jobs
agricultural crisis
overpopulation
What is the concept of denominational dualism?
When hospitals and schools are divided by different religions (protestant/catholic)
