chapter 1 Flashcards
autocratic parenting
a strict, harsh childrearing practice where parents tolerate no arguments — or negotiations from their children.
thomas hobbs
complete jackass — expressed the view that the child’s will needs to be tamed.
children = servants in the household
calvinist (puritan) beliefs
children were inherently sinful, firm discipline that included a strong belief in corporal punishment.
john watson
american psychologist — believed that responsive parenting spoiled children, advocated for neglect and strict feeding schedules for infants.
g. stanley hall
received the first phd in psychology in the united states and began the Child Study Movement in the late 1800s.
Child Study Movement
developed a science of psychology and education that respected the true nature and needs of the child.
sigmund freud
founder of psychoanalysis — children are basically good and under optimal conditions their innate talents would emerge.
theory of psychosexual development
freudian — explains the ways in which children’s sexual energy corresponds with their stage of development.
attachment
the affectionate tie that one person forms with another specific person, binding them together in space and enduring over time.
mary ainsworth
studied parental responsiveness in infants, identified distinctive patterns.
benjamin spock
encouraged a combination of reasonable limits and warmth and support.
contingency
the relation between a behavior and the events that follow that behavior.
social learning theory
children do not need to be directly punished or reinforced to learn a behavior.
theory of psychosocial development
emphasizes that individuals achieve psychosocial maturity by resolving the psychosocial crises that emerge at each developmental stage in life.
jean piaget
infants and children are cognitively capable human beings with inborn reflexes that are very quickly altered by their active engagement of the environment.
scaffolding
providing social and instructional support to a person who is attempting to learn a new task.
guided participation
wherein the teacher engages the learner in joint activities, providing instruction and direct involvement in the learning process.
social discipline theory — rudolf dreikurs
it is possible to understand children’s behavior and misbehavior by recognizing the goals they are attempting to achieve through their behavior.
microsystem
the child’s development is influenced by immediate interactions with other people.
mesosystem
relations or connections between the contexts within the microsystems, for example, the partnerships between parents and teachers.
exosystem
links among social systems in which the child does not participate but that have a direct bearing on parents and other adults who interact with the child (economic recession, war, etc.).
chronosystem
highlights the effect of time on the various interacting systems that shape a person’s development.
stage 1 (of parenthood)
image-making stage — adults prepare to become parents by considering what it means to be parents and contemplating the necessary changes in their lives to accommodate the arrival of a child.
stage 2 (of parenthood)
nurturing stage (birth - 24 months) — parents and infants become attached to each other, and parents alter their lives to support their roles as caregivers.
