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psych 305 > chapter 1 > Flashcards

chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

neurons

A

core functional cells which carries information through nervous system

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2
Q

glial cells

A

provide physical and chemical support to neurons

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3
Q

what are the foour major parts of a neuron?

A

cell body, dendrites, axon, and axon terminal

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4
Q

dendrites

A

where the infromation comes in; projections from cell body(soma), of the neurons.

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5
Q

axon

A

glia cell helps axon move faster; portion of a nerve cell (neuron) that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body

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6
Q

what do neurons release that crosses s synaptic cleft to communicate with receiving neurons?

A

neurotransmitters

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7
Q

presynaptic

A

cell that sends information (transmits chemical messages)

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8
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A

cell that receives information (receives chemical messages)

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9
Q

astrocytes

A

store substances (nutrients )for further use by nearby neurons

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10
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

forms myelin that surrounds axons of the central nervous system

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11
Q

Schwann cells

A

produce myelin in the peripheral nervous system to maintain it

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12
Q

microglia

A

tiny cells that remove debris left behind by damaged or dead neurons

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13
Q

radial glia

A

cells that form a kind of scaffolding that helps guide nearly born neurons to their final destinations

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14
Q

where is gray matter located?

A

In the cell body itself where the dendrites usually are

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15
Q

gray matter

A

majority in the cerebral cortex, outside of the brain

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16
Q

what is white matter made out of?

A

fatty substance

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17
Q

white matter

A

wraps around axons; roots that connect, inside the brain

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18
Q

what are the two key divisions of the nervous system?

A

central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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19
Q

central nervous system

A

neurons reside entirely within the brain and spinal cord

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20
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

allows the CNS to communicate the peripheral part of the body

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21
Q

what divisions are the PNS divided into?

A

somatic and autonomic

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22
Q

somatic

A

all muscles; afferent and efferent

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23
Q

afferent

A

carries sensory infromation from the body to the brain

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24
Q

efferent

A

carries motor commands from the brain to the body

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25
Q

autonomic

A

internal; allows brain to send information to organs

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26
Q

What basic habits do the autonomic nervous system control?

A

breathing and heartbeat

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27
Q

what two divisions is the autonomic nervous system divided into?

A

parasympathetic nervous system and sympathetic nervous system

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28
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

resting state, stores energy; decreases heart rates, respiration, etc.; returns blood flow to normal

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29
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

fight or flight response; elevated heart rate; preparing. body for emergencies; increasing O2 to muscles via blood flow

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30
Q

what are examples of brain imaging techniques?

A

CT or MRI

31
Q

brain imaging techniques

A

requires the individual to place the head in a doughnut-shaped scanner while multiple brain images are collected

32
Q

how many neuroanatomical locations and planes are there?

A

8

33
Q

what are the names of neuroatomical locations and planes?

A

anterior, posterior, ventral, medial, lateral, saggital, coronal, and horizontal

34
Q

anterior

A

part of the brain closest to the nose

35
Q

posterior

A

back of the brain

36
Q

dorsal

A

refers to the top of the brain

37
Q

ventral

A

refers to the bottom

38
Q

medial

A

toward the midline of the brain

39
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline

40
Q

saggital

A

slices allow anterior/posterior and dorsal/ventral view, but not medial/lateral

41
Q

coronal

A

slices allow medial/lateral and dorsal/ventral views, but not anterior posteior

42
Q

horizontal

A

slices allow anterior/posterior and medial/lateral, but not dorsal/ventral

43
Q

the spinal cord

A

chord by bony vertebrae

44
Q

meninges

A

three layers of protective tissues covering both the brain and spinal cord

45
Q

afferent neurons

A

carry infromation from skin to the brain

46
Q

efferent neurons

A

sends signals from brain to muscles

47
Q

ventricles

A

the central canal runs through the length of the spinal cord and connects to the brains fluid-filled ventricles; contains cerebrospinal fluid

48
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

helps keep the brain buoyant and acts as a cushion from mechanical damage; assists in maintaining chemical stability and carries nutrients to brain

49
Q

mensencephalon

A

contains medulla and pons

50
Q

medulla and pons

A

supports essential physiological funcations (breathing heart rate, blood pressure), sleep and arousal, basic and sensory, and motor responses

51
Q

cerebellum

A

supports balance and motor coordination

52
Q

what is the cerebellum’s nickname?

A

little brain

53
Q

cerebellar ataxia

A

a condition in which cerebellar damage results in poor motor coordination

54
Q

midbrain

A

supports basic motor and attention processes

55
Q

what basic motor and attention processes do the midbrain include?

A

superior and infeior colliculi, substantia nigra, and ventral tegmental

56
Q

superior and inferior colliculi

A

noticing motion

57
Q

substantia nigra

A

production of dopamine and origin of Parkinsons

58
Q

ventral tegmental

A

regulating reward consumption, learning, memory, and addiction behaviors through mediating dopamine (DA) release in downstream regions

59
Q

what two major structures do the diencephalon contain?

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

60
Q

thalamus

A

relay station; contains 30 nuclei, each relays a specific kind of cognitive sensory, or motor information from its source to the cortex; help with refining information processing; relays non-sensory information to the cortex

61
Q

hypothalamus

A

releases hormones;size of an almond

62
Q

what key role does the hypothalamus have?

A

motivated behaviors and has a strong influence on the pituitary gland which releases hormones into the blood stream

63
Q

what are motivated behaviors?

A

sex, eating, thirst, sleep, and body temperature maintenance

64
Q

basal ganglia

A

muscle memory; important for learning new behaviors, especially ones that are reinforced by rewards such as food, sex, money, and social approval; contain the striatum

65
Q

muscle memory

A

a collection of brain regions critical for voluntary movements such as opening a door or reaching for a cup

66
Q

what two key components are located in the limbic system?

A

amygdala and hippocampus

67
Q

amygdala

A

learns to recognize signs of imminent threat

68
Q

hippocampus

A

critical for storing and recalling memories of our experiences

69
Q

cerebral cortex

A

supports our sensory and motor abilites; supports complex cognitive processes, like language, which defines the human species

70
Q

what are the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex?

A

occipital, temporal, parietal, frontal

71
Q

occipital

A

eyesight

72
Q

temporal

A

hearing

73
Q

parietal

A

movement

74
Q

frontal

A

personality, decision making, etc.

psych 305 (4 decks)

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