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chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is quantitative data?

A

numerical observations or measurements

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2
Q

what is qualitative data?

A

non-numerical observations

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3
Q

quantitative data is either?

A

continuous or discrete

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4
Q

what is continuous data?

A

can take any value on a continuous numerical scale such as length or mass

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5
Q

what is discrete data?

A

can only take particular values on a continuous numerical scale such as shoe size or number of pets

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6
Q

categorical data can be sorted into what type of categories?

A

non-overlapping

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7
Q

how can ordinal data be written?

A

in order or can be given a numerical rating scale

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8
Q

what does bivariate data involve?

A

pairs of related data

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8
Q

what does multivariate data involve?

A

sets of 3 or more related data values

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8
Q

how can discrete data be grouped?

A

into classes that do not overlap

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8
Q

do class intervals need to be equal widths?

A
  • no
  • use narrower intervals where the data is close together and wider intervals where the data is spread out
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9
Q

what is primary data?

A

data that has been collected yourself

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9
Q

why are calculations based on grouped data less accurate than those based on raw data?

A

in grouped data, individual data values are not known so you can only calculate estimates of the mean, median and mode

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9
Q

what do class intervals have to be for continuous data?

A

class intervals must not have gaps in between them or overlap eachother

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9
Q

what is secondary data?

A

data that has been collected by someone else

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10
Q

advantages of primary data?

A
  • collection method is known
  • accuracy is known
  • can find answers to specific questions
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11
Q

what are the disadvantages of primary data?

A
  • time- consuming to collect
  • expensive to collect
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12
Q

what are the advantages of secondary data?

A
  • easy and cheap to obtain
  • data from some organisations (e.g. Office for National Statistics in the UK) can be more reliable than data you collect for yourself
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13
Q

disadvantages of secondary data?

A
  • method of collection unknown
  • data may be out of date
  • may contain mistakes
  • may come from an unreliable source
  • may be difficult to find answers to specific questions
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14
Q

when you are investigating a hypothesis what is the group you are interested in?

A

the population

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15
Q

what is the population?

A

everything or everybody that could possibly be involved in the investigation

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16
Q

what is a census?

A

a survey or investigation with data taken from every member of a population

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17
Q

in the UK how often is a National Census conducted?

A

every 10 years

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18
Q

what does the National Census collect data about?

A

collects information about the people living in each home

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19
Q

what do governments use the National Census for?

A

they use this data to help plan housing, schooling and healthcare provision

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20
Q

in a survey what can you take from the population?

A

a sample

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21
Q

what does a sample contain?

A

information about part of the population

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22
Q

to avoid bias what should the sample represent?

A

the characteristics of the population

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23
Q

what can the results from the sample be used to make?

A

conclusions for the whole population

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24
Q

advantages of a census?

A
  • unbiased
  • accurate
  • takes the whole population into account
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25
Q

disadvantages of a census?

A
  • time- consuming
  • expensive
  • difficult to ensure the whole population is used
  • lots of data to handle
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26
Q

advantages of a sample?

A
  • cheaper
  • less- time consuming
  • less data to handle
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27
Q

disadvantages of a sample?

A
  • not completely representative
  • may be biased
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28
Q

the larger the sample….

A

the more reliable the results

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29
Q

a sample that is too small or selected unfairly can do what to the results…

A

bias the results

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30
Q

what are the sampling units?

A

the people or items that are to be sampled

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31
Q

what is a sampling frame?

A

a list of all of the sampling units

32
Q

when is the Peterson Capture-Recapture method used?

A
  • a method for estimating the size of the population
  • use it to estimate animal/ insect populations where it would be impossible to catch them all and count all of them
33
Q

the capture re-capture method makes what assumptions: population?

A
  • the population has not changed- no members have entered or left the population
  • no births/ deaths between the release and the recapture time
34
Q

the capture re-capture method makes what assumptions: probability?

A

the probability of being caught is equal for all individuals

35
Q

the capture re-capture method makes what assumptions: marks/ tags?

A

marks/ tags are not lost and are always recognisable

36
Q

capture re-capture method makes what assumptions: sample size?

A

the sample size is large enough to be representative of the whole population

37
Q

in a random sample every member of the population has what kind of chance of being included?

A

an equal chance

38
Q

why is a random sample good?

A

it is fair/ unbiased and better represents the population

39
Q

how to take a random sample?

A
  • can number each item in the sampling frame
  • select the numbers for your sample by using a random number table/ random number generator
40
Q

advantages of random sampling?

A
  • more likely to be representative of the whole population- provided it is large
  • choice of members of sample is unbiased
41
Q

disadvantages of random sampling?

A
  • needs a full list of the whole population
  • needs a large sample size
42
Q

what is judgement sampling?

A

using your judgement to select a sample that is representative of the whole population

43
Q

what is opportunity sampling?

A

use the people or objects that are available at the time

44
Q

what is cluster sampling?

A
  • when the data splits naturally into groups e.g. geographical areas
  • the list of clusters is the sampling frame
  • some clusters are randomly selected from it to make the sample
45
Q

what is systematic sampling?

A
  • choose a starting point from the sampling frame at random
  • choose items at random intervals e.g. every 5th person on a list
46
Q

what is quota sampling?

A

group the population by characteristics such as age/ gender and interview a number (quota) from each group e.g. 10 males over 25

47
Q

how to decide whether a sampling method is suitable?

A
  • whether the sample will be biased
  • whether the sample size is sensible
  • how quick and easy the method is
  • how expensive it is to carry out
48
Q

what is a stratified sample?

A
  • contains members of each stratum in proportion to the size of that stratum
  • the sample from each stratum is selected randomly
49
Q

what is a data collection sheet?

A

a table/ tally chart for recording your results

50
Q

what is the explanatory variable?

A

the independent variable- the variable you change

51
Q

what is the response variable?

A

the variable you are measuring

52
Q

what are extraneous variables?

A

variables you are not interested in but they could affect your experiment

53
Q

what is a laboratory experiment?

A

experiments conducted in a controlled environment

54
Q

advantages of laboratory experiments?

A
  • easy to repeat- you can copy the experiment exactly
  • you can control all extraneous variables
55
Q

disadvantages of laboratory experiments?

A

test subjects may behave differently in test subjects than in real life

56
Q

what is a field experiment?

A
  • experiments carried out in test subjects everyday environment
  • researcher sets up the situation and controls one or more variables
57
Q

what is an advantage of field experiments?

A

more likely to reflect real life behaviour

58
Q

what is a disadvantage of field experiments?

A
  • can’t control extraneous variables
  • harder to repeat/replicate the experiment exactly
59
Q

what is a natural experiment?

A

experiments carried out in test subjects everyday environments- researcher has no control over variables

60
Q

what is an advantage of a natural experiment?

A

more likely to reflect real life behaviour

61
Q

what is a disadvantage of a natural experiment?

A
  • can’t control the variables
  • harder to replicate the study exactly
62
Q

if replicating or repeating the data gives very similar data what does this show about the data?

A

it is very valid and reliable

63
Q

what is a questionnaire?

A

a set of questions designed to obtain data

64
Q

what is the person completing the questionnaire called?

A

a respondent

65
Q

what type of answers do open questions have?

A

no suggested answers

66
Q

what type of answers do closed questions have?

A

gives answers to choose from

67
Q

why can open questions be difficult?

A

each respondent could give a different answer- could be difficult to summarise and analyse the answers

68
Q

what could you use for closed questions?

A

an opinion scale

69
Q

what is the problem with opinion scales?

A
  • most people will answer somewhere along the middle
  • they are unlikely to express a strong opinion either way as they do not want to seem extreme
70
Q

how can questions in questionnaires be biased?

A
  • the boxes do not cover all different possibilities
  • boxes cover one opinion more than once
  • biased questions that try and persuade you to agree with the statement
71
Q

in questionnaires what should questions be like?

A
  • keep questions short and use simple language
  • avoid biased or leading questions that suggest a particular answer
  • give intervals that do not overlap
  • include a time frame
72
Q

advantages of interviews?

A
  • interviewer can explain questions
  • interviewer can put people at ease when asking personal questions
  • respondent can explain answers
  • high response rate- every person interviewed answered the questions
73
Q

disadvantages of interviews?

A
  • respondents may be less honest in a face-to-face setting and less likely to answer personal questions truthfully
  • interviewing can take a long time- can also be expensive
  • sample size is smaller than with a questionnaire
  • interviewer bias- interviewer may interpret answers to suit their own opinions
  • respondents may try to impress the interviewer or say the answers they think the interviewer wants to hear
74
Q

anonymous questionnaire advantages?

A
  • respondents are more likely to be honest and more likely to answer personal questions
  • respondents can all complete the questionnaire at the same time or in their own time so it can be quick and cheap
  • easy to send questionnaires to a large and representative sample
  • no interviewer bias
75
Q

disadvantages of anonymous questionnaires?

A
  • respondent may not understand the questions
  • researcher may not understand the respondent’s answers
  • lower response rate- some people may not answer all of the questions or return the questionnaires
76
Q

why would people conduct a pilot survey before their actual survey?

A
  • to check that respondents understand the questions
  • closed questions include all the likely answer questions
  • the questionnaire collects the information needed
77
Q

what does a random response method use?

A

a random event

78
Q

what is an outlier or anomalous data value?

A

a value that does not fit the pattern of the data

79
Q

when can you ignore an outlier?

A

if it is due to a measuring or recording error

80
Q

what does cleaning data mean?

A
  • identifying & either correcting or removing inaccurate data values (caused by recording or other errors) or extreme values
  • removing units or other symbols from data
  • deciding what to do about missing data
81
Q

what can you use a control group to test?

A

the effectiveness of a treatment

82
Q

what are matched pair tests?

A
  • 2 groups of people are used to test the effects of a particular factor
  • each individual is placed with another person from the other group who has everything in common with them except for the thing being studied
83
Q

what is a hypothesis?

A

an idea that can be tested by collecting and analysing data

84
Q

should a hypothesis be a statement or a question?

A

statement

85
Q

when designing an investigation what factors do you need to consider?

A
  • time
  • cost
  • ethical issues
  • confidentiality
  • convenience
  • how to select your population & sample
  • how to deal with non-response
  • how to deal with unexpected response

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