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Psyk 121 - Midterm > Chapter 1. > Flashcards

Chapter 1. Flashcards

1
Q

Changes in developmental psychology

A

focus on lifespan perspective

important changes occur during
every period of development,
including adulthood.

Developement is

  • lifelong
  • plastic
  • multidimensional
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1
Q

Multidirectional

A

growth, maintenance, regulation

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2
Q

Lifespan development as contextual (3 factors)

A
  1. Normative age-graded influences: influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group.
  2. Normative history-graded influences: influences that are common to people of a particular generation because of historical circumstances.
  3. Nonnormative, or random, individual events: unusual occurrences that have a major impact on an individual’s life, and impact different individual’s in different ways. EG
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3
Q

What factors/influences effect
resilience?

A

Poverty
Physical abuse
Maternal factors
ACEs

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4
Q

Protective factors and vulnerabilities

A

Vulnerabilities and protective
factors interact with the child’s environment

All individuals possess them

The same environment can have quite different effects, depending on the qualities the child brings to the interaction

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5
Q

Vulnerabilities

A

a variety of things, such as:
* a tendency towards alcoholism
* irritability
* different physical abnormalities

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6
Q

Protective factors

A
  • high intelligence
  • good physical condition
  • Easy temperament
  • attractive
  • funny
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7
Q

Continuity vs Discontinuity

A

The debate about the extent
to which development
involves gradual, cumulative change (continuity), or distinct stages (discontinuity). (trappa vs. streck)

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8
Q

A full evaluation of age requires consideration of

(How should we understand age?)

A
  • Chronological
  • Biological
  • Psychological
  • social
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9
Q

Normal aging

A

describes most individuals, with psychological functioning, peaking early middle age

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10
Q

Pathological aging

A

describes individuals with above average decline as they age, developing a condition leading to mild cognitive impairment or chronic disease that impairs daily functioning

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11
Q

Successful /healthy aging

A

Successful /healthy aging

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12
Q

life span

A

the upper boundary of human lifespan is 122-150 years

People are living longer in part due to better:
*sanitation,
*nutrition, and
*medicine.

Currently, for the first time in history, there are more people are
over 60 than under 18.

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13
Q

Life expectancy

A

The average number of years that a person born in a particular year can expect to live.

The well-being of older adults, with
escalating health care costs and the need for access to adequate health care, is an important social policy issue

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14
Q

Who are the important early pioneers?

A

Charles Darwin

G. Stanley Hall -
Hall published the first scientific study of child development: “The Contents of Children’s Minds on Entering School”. He Wanted Developmentalists to identify norms.
* norms: average ages at which
developmental milestones are reached

Arnold Gesell
Received one of first two PhDs in Developmental Psychology awarded in the US.
Focused on maturation: the gradual unfolding of a genetically programmed sequential pattern of change.
* For example, walking - once children reach a certain age (do you know what age it is?) they begin to walk, without being taught.

Jean Piaget

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15
Q

Which famous scientist conducted baby biographies?

A

Charles Darwin

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16
Q

What two famous female psychologists helped to found the CPA?

A

Mary Ainsworth and her colleague Mary Wright, were involved in the development of the Canadian Psychological Association (CPA).

Mary Ainsworth’s work on
attachment continues to inspire new
ways of understanding infant-
caregiver interactions

17
Q

What are the defining characteristics of psychoanalytic theories of development? Who are the two famous psychologists associated with the psychoanalytic view of development?

A

Focus on the importance of the emotional quality of the child’s earliest relationship with caregivers and describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion.

Behavior is a surface characteristic, and the symbolic workings of the mind have to be analyzed to understand behavior.

Provide concepts—such as the unconscious, the ego, and identity that are part of everyday language, as well as psychoanalytic theory.

Freud and Erikson

18
Q

Who is the founder of cognitive development? What is a major difference between how Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky frame cognitive
development? What is underlying assumption of an information-
processing view of cognition?

A

Jean Piaget - the founder of cognitive psychology
* Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development. Children are active thinkers.

Lev Vygotsky: social-constructivist view of development
* Information Processing theories

Vygotsky believed that children’s minds grow through interaction with the social environment: parents, teachers, and older children who can provide invaluable guidance. It is by collaborative dialogue that children learn

19
Q

Freud

A

Through his work with patients, Freud became
convinced that their problems were the result of
experiences early in life.

20
Q

Erikson

A

Psychosocial theory.

According to Erik Erikson, the primary motivation for behavior is social in nature.

Personality and developmental change occurs throughout the life span.

Both early and later experiences are importan

Erikson’s psychosocial theory: includes eight stages of human development, each representing a crisis that must be resolved.

  • Trust versus mistrust: first year of infancy.
  • Autonomy versus shame and doubt: 1 to 3 years.
  • Initiative versus guilt: 3 to 5 years.
  • Industry versus inferiority: 6 years to puberty.
    etc.

Children’s learning of new cognitive
skills is guided by an adult or a more
skilled child who structures the child’s
learning experience—a process called
scaffolding

The difference is learning through scaffolding or trough putting information in schemes.

21
Q

zone of proximal development (vygotsky)

A

The term zone of proximal development signifies tasks that are too hard for the child to do alone, but that he can manage with guidance.

22
Q

How does BF Skinner explain development?

A

Development consists of the pattern of behavioral changes brought about by rewards and punishments.

Operant Conditioning: a form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences.

organisms tend to repeat behaviour (responses) that are followed by favorable consequences.

  • Reinforcement happens when a
    behaviour is repeated because of
    the consequence that followed it
23
Q

What does Albert Bandura’s social-cognitive perspective say about development?

A

Bandura states that learning does not always require reinforcement; sometimes we learn from watching others.

This is called observational
learning or modelling.

Bandura’s social cognitive theory:
Emphasizes behavior, environment, and cognition as the key factors in development.

Relations between behavior, person/cognitive, and environmental factors are reciprocal.

Using forethought, individuals guide and motivate themselves by creating action plans, formulating goals, and visualizing positive outcomes of their actions.

24
Q

What is the main contribution of ecological theories of development?

A

Bioecological systems theory -development explained in terms of the relationships between people and their environment, or contexts.

  • Classifies all the individual and contextual variables that affect development and specifies how they interact.
  • Uses a model of concentric circles to describe the interrelationships
25
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

A process of human development based on the interaction of:
– Personal factors
– Behavioural factors
– Environmental factors

26
Q

Bioecological theory - Macrosystem

A

(cultural context) the outermost circle contains the values and beliefs of the culture in which a child is growing up

27
Q

Bioecological theory - Exosystem

A

(socio-economic context) includes the institutions of the culture that affect children’s development indirectly

28
Q

Bioecological theory - Microsystem

A

(immediate context) includes those variables to which people are directly exposed, such as their families, schools, religious institutions, and neighbourhoods

29
Q

Bioecological theory - Mesosystem

A

contains the interconnections between these components

hur micro och exo hänger ihop

30
Q

Bioecological theory - Individual context

A

the innermost circle, is the child’s genetic make-up and developmental stage

31
Q

What are 4 goals of conducting research under a life-span perspective?

A

Developmental psychology
uses the scientific method to
achieve 4 main goals:
* Describe
* Explain
* Predict
* Influence

32
Q

What are the major methods for collecting data and research designs for conducting developmental research?

A

Case studies: in-depth examinations of single individuals

Naturalistic observation:
psychologists observe people in their
normal environments

Surveys: the use of interviews and/or questionnaires

Experiments: study that tests a causal hypothesis

33
Q

What do we need to do in order to conduct research ethically?

A

Guidelines researchers follow to protect the rights of animals and humans who participate in studies. Some common guidelines include:
* Protection from harm
* Informed consent
* Confidentiality
* Knowledge of results
* Deception, if used, must be explained fully

34
Q

Variables

A

characteristics/traits/phenomenons that you can measure and that can change over time

35
Q

quasi-experimental design

A

Sometimes it is not possible to randomly assign participants to groups

Many studies in psychology use quasi-experimental designs, due to the constraint of not being able to randomly assign participants to different groups.

36
Q

Cross-sectional design

A

Groups of different ages are compared.

Example:
* How is theory of mind expressed in a group of 3, 5, 7 and 9 year
olds?

Advantage: Can be done more quickly than longitudinal studies

  • Disadvantages:
  • Cannot track individual differences over time
37
Q

Longitudinal design

A

Longitudinal designs study the same participants over a period of
time.

  • Benefit #1: we can view sequences of change and individual
    consistency or inconsistency over time.
  • Benefit #2: Longitudinal designs solve the cohort problem of cross-
    sectional studies.

Problems with longitudinal studies:
* Time-consuming
* Participants might drop out
* Practice effects (for example, if we used IQ tests to measure academic performance the participants will all
show improved scores over time)

38
Q

Cohort effects

A

characteristics that are unique to that
particular cohort….characteristics determined by a person’s time of birth, era, or generation rather than the person’s actual age.

39
Q

Sequential Designs

A

A research design that combines cross-sectional and longitudinal
examinations of development.

Begin with at least two age groups. Investigators then test each group over a number of years with two types of comparisons:
* age-group comparisons
* comparisons of each group to itself at an earlier testing point

Psyk 121 - Midterm (4 decks)

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