Chapter 1

Question 1

Chemistry

Answer 1

the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter, the processes that matter undergoes, and the energy changes that accompany these processes.

Question 2

Chemical

Answer 2

any substance that has a definition composition
EX. sucrose, water, carbon dioxide, etc…

Question 3

Applied research

Answer 3

Generally carried out to solve a certain problem.

Question 4

Basic research

Answer 4

Carried out to increase knowledge, to why/how a specific reaction occurs and what the properties of a substance is.

Question 5

Matter

Answer 5

is anything that has mass and takes up space(volume).

Question 6

Atom

Answer 6

• the smallest unit of an element that maintains the chemical identity of that element.
• is one

Question 7

Element

Answer 7

a pure substance that can not be broken down into simpler, stable substances and is made of one type of atom.
EX. carbon hydrogen, chlorine, etc…(periodic table)

Question 8

Compound

Answer 8

• a substance that can be broken down into simple, stable substances and is made from the atoms of two or more elements.
• made up of molecules
• EX. sucrose(made of carbon, hydrogen, and helium)

Question 9

Molecule

Answer 9

• the smallest unit of an element/compound that retains all of the properties of the element/compound.
• particle made of more than one atom bonded together

Question 10

Property

Answer 10

a characteristic that defines an entire group of substances.

Question 11

Physical property

Answer 11

a characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance. EX. water freezes to make ice – melts to create water — boils — etc…

Question 12

Extensive property

Answer 12

depends on the amount of matter that is present.
EX. volume, mass, energy

Question 12

Intensive property

Answer 12

does not depend on the amount of matter present. EX. density, melting/boiling point, etc…

Question 13

Physical change

Answer 13

a change in a substance that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance. EX. cutting, grinding, melting, boiling, etc…

Question 14

Chemical property

Answer 14

relates to a substance’s ability to undergo changes that transform it into different substances. EX. charcoal burning (it combines with oxygen to become carbon dioxide gas, the original substances don’t change).

Question 15

Chemical change

Answer 15

• a change in which one or more substances are converted into different substances.
  EX. color change, odor change, production of gas/solids, and energy released/absorbed

Question 16

Chemical reaction:

Answer 16

mercury oxide –-> mercury + oxygen

Question 17

Reactants

Answer 17

the parts that make up a product.
a substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction.

Question 18

Products

Answer 18

substances formed by the chemical combination/change.

Question 19

Endothermic

Answer 19

(of a reaction or process) accompanied by or requiring the absorption of heat.

Question 20

Exothermic

Answer 20

(of a reaction or process) accompanied by the release of heat

Question 21

Pure substances

Answer 21

• can ONLY be an element or compound
• has a fixed composition(same)
• can be broken down into two or more simple compounds

Question 22

decomposing a compound

Answer 22

• separation by electrolysis
• separation by heating

Question 23

Mixtures

Answer 23

• a blend of two or more kinds of matter, each which retain its own identity/properties
• simple and complex
• elements aren’t bounded
• parts of a mixture can be separated

Question 24

Heterogeneous mixture

Answer 24

mixtures that are not uniform in the composition
different

Question 25

Homogeneous mixture

Answer 25

mixtures that are uniform in the composition
also known as solutions
the same
EX. brass

Question 26

separation a mixture

Answer 26

• filtration
• chromatography using a centrifuge

Question 27

Groups/families

Answer 27

• the vertical columns on the table
• each group has similar chemical properties
• the two major categories is metals and nonmetals but also metalloids

Question 28

Periods

Answer 28

• the horizontal rows on the periodic table
• elements that are close in the same period are usually more similar
• the two sets of elements placed below the table are called: lanthanide series and actinide series
  - these are all metallic elements
  placed below the table to keep it from getting too wide

Question 29

Metalloids

Answer 29

has intermediate properties between the metals and nonmetals, a mix.

Question 30

Main branches of chemistry and their differences

Answer 30

1) Organic chemistry; has to have carbon in it like organic molecules
EX. plastic
2) Inorganic chemistry; anything that doesn’t include carbon, molecules that aren’t carbon-based
3) Physical chemistry; learn about energy in the way of molecules and energy
EX. # of heat released, light absorbed, etc…
4) Biochemistry; all things living; dealing with living things
5) Analytical chemistry; identifying substances based on their properties, analyzing, and observing it.
6) Theoretical chemistry; when you use mathematical or computer models to explain the chemistry and show it.
EX. graphs, equations, etc…

Question 31

Role of technology in chemistry and research

Answer 31

In chemistry, technology is basically the use of chemistry for the development of new technologies.
In research, technology makes it more efficient, accurate, and accessible. They use technology to make data collection and analysis.

Question 32

How does energy change with changes in matter?

Answer 32

Depending on if it is a solid, liquid or gas, they are at different speeds and density.
When it is a solid, there is not as much energy because no molecules move compared to gas, the molecules have lots of energy, bouncing like crazy.

Question 33

Molecular and energy differences between states of matter

Answer 33

Solid - fixed particles, connected in a solid form with pretty much no movement
Liquid - rapid particle movement but closer and jumbled together
Gas - can take any shape and all of the molecules bounce off of each other, always moving

Question 34

Volume and shape differences between states of matter

Answer 34

Solid
Liquid
Gas

Question 35

How to classify matter

Answer 35

Pure substances:
can ONLY be an element of a compound
Mixtures:
a blend of two or more kinds of matter, each which retain its own identity/properties

Question 36

How is the periodic table set up/arranged

Answer 36

It is set up in groups/families and periods.
Groups/families:
vertical columns that help categorize it into metals, nonmetals, and metalloids. Also help put together elements with similar chemical properties. Periods:
the horizontal rows that have similar trends.

Question 37

Proprties of Metals

Answer 37

an element that is a good electrical and heat conductor
has malleability; can be hammered or rolled into thin sheets
is ductile; can be draw into a fine wire
has tensile strength; ability to resist breaking when pulled
most are silver/grayish white except; gold and copper
EX: iron, titanium, aluminum, copper, nickel, etc…

Question 38

Properties of Nonmetals

Answer 38

• an element that is a poor conductor of heat and electricity
• brittle
• some are noble gases; usually unreactive
• solid nonmetals: carbon, phosphorus, selenium, sulfur, and iodine
• liquid nonmetals: bromine