Chapter 1 Flashcards
relative risk shows
association NOT causation
healthy life expectancy
amount of time spent in good health
–> (for example you can life to 90 but only 70 yrs are spent in good health)
what is the average life expectancy for M and F in canada?
M= 81
F= 85
*although the last 10-11 yrs are spent in poor health!
environment=
(definition in this class/relating to phenotype)
exercise that people are exposed to
genotype + environment (can be influenced)=
phenotype
what is metabolic syndrome?
a combination of diseases that increase the risk of having cardiovascular disease (CVD), stroke, high blood pressure and diabetes
name some things that someone with metabolic syndrome might have?
-obesity
-elevated bloop pressure
-elevated blood triglyceride levels and HDL levels
-insulin resistance
muscular endurance
ability of muscles to apply sub-maximal force over a period of time
muscular strength
the ability of a muscle or group of muscles to apply force (often called maximal force)
flexibility (mobility)
joint ROM
body composition
bone, muscle mass, adipose tissue,
-want to move focus away from this
performance related components of fitness
-power
-speed
-agility
-balance–> can be argued to be a health issue/health related component
-motor skill
how is overload accomplished?
increase either intensity, duration, frequency while maintaining the other two
specificity principle
specific adaptations= specific training effects
SAID
specific adaptations to imposed demands
=overload + specificity
(training for a specific activity + overload)
reversibility principle
fitness levels decay if you do not continue overloading/stressing the system
individual differences principle
different rates of improvement for different people
“responsiveness”
to avoid plateauing in training we need
high intensity training
why do females live longer than males?
-males take more risks, are less likely to take care of themselves/preventative measures
-estrogen has a cardio-protective effect
cardiorespiratatory (aerobic) endurance
the ability to perform large-muscle, whole-body exercise at moderate to high intensities for extended periods of time
Which of the following “performance components of
fitness” did the lecture (and text) suggest are important
for general health (there were two discussed).
balance and coordination
what does epigenetics study?
Heritable changes in phenotype (gene expression) caused by mechanisms other than
changes in the underlying DNA sequence.
Genes can get “turned off” and “turned on” by the environment and passed on to future generations
Examples of a phenotype
blue eyes, hormone levels etc.
-some phenotypes are entirely determined by your genes while others can be influenced by environment (such as exercise habits)
nature vs nurture debate about genes
what is the relative importance of a persons genes (nature) compared to personal behaviours (nurture) in individual differences in physical/behavioural traits and health
all humans can change their phenotype by
exercising
–> the question is “what exercise is optimal for the individual’s expression of phenotype”
poor phenotype can=
chronic disease
what are some health-related things that exercise can affect
-hormonal balance
-body composition
-blood lipid profile
what is the working definition of physical fitness
Physical fitness is the ability to carry out daily tasks with vigor and alertness, without undue fatigue, and with ample energy to enjoy leisure time pursuits and to meet unforeseen emergencies
Why is coordination a health related component of fitness?
80% or more americans will experience back problems in their life.
Back injuries are not caused by lifting things that are too heavy, but rather:
-poor motor control
-poor lifting technique
-muscle imbalances
-poorly conditioned muscles
etc.
