Chapter 1 Flashcards
what are the 2 early psychologies?
structuralism and functionalsim
who was the founder of structuralism?
Wundt
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
psychology
what is the methodology of structuralism?
introspection - look within yourself
what is the philosophy of structuralism?
classify and understand elements of the mind’s structure
who was the founder of functionalism?
William James
what is the methodology of functionalism?
none, but made us think of “thought” as dynamic and ever changing
what is the philosophy of functionalism?
focuses on WHY and HOW behavior occurs: behavior was viewed as adaptive to situations
Most psychologists; study problems of medical/ non- medical origin which influence adjustment
clinical
Help people to cope with adjustment issues; in general, many deal with less severe issues than clinical psychologists and training is different from clinicians
counseling
Only ones with medical training and can prescribe drugs/ medication
Psychiatrist
punsihment _________ behavior and _______ strengthens it
decreases; strengthens
Maintains that childhood experiences are critical in adult development; how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts
psychodynamic
how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences
neuoscience perspective
how the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes
evolutionary perspective
how our genes and enviornment influence our individual differences
behavior genetics
how we learn observable responses
behavioral
how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information
cognitive
how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures
social- cultural perspective
in depth analyses of individuals
case studies
observe without interfering; many people
observational studies
observe without interfering in nature
naturalistic observation
observe without interfering in lab
Laboratory observation
standardized format, asking people questions
surveys
one trait or behavior tends to coincide with another, two variables are related, (r)
correlation
correlation scale
0 (no relationship) —- 1 (perfect relationship)
direct relationship; two things increase together or decrease together (above 0 to 1)
positive correlation
inverse relationship; as one thing increases the other decreases (below 0 to -1)
negative correlation
just because variables are related
doesn’t mean one causes the other
means you can predict one variable from another
significant correlation
is manipulated by the experimenter
Independent variable
is simply measured
Dependent variable
receives some amount of the IV
Experimental group
should not receive the IV but should be similar to experimental group in other respects, particularly those related to the DV
control group
to repeat a study
replicate
