Chapter 1

Question 1

primate

Answer 1

Member of the mammalian order Primates, including prosimians, monkeys, apes, and humans, defined by a suite of anatomical and behavioral traits.

Question 2

evolution

Answer 2

change in the frequency of a gene or a trait in a population over multiple generations.

Question 3

.
biological anthropology

Answer 3

The study of humans as biological organisms, considered in an evo-lutionary framework; sometimes called physical anthropology

Question 4

Anthropology is divided into four subfields:

Answer 4

biological anthropology, cultural
anthropology, linguistic anthropology, and archeology

Question 5

hominin

Answer 5

A member of the primate family Hominidae, distinguished by bipedal posture and, in more recently evolved species, a large brain.

Question 6

adaptation

Answer 6

A trait that increases the reproductive success of an organism, produced by natural selection in the context of a particular environment.

Question 7

anthropology

Answer 7

The study of humankind in a cross-cultural context. Anthropol-ogy includes the subfields cultural anthropology, linguistic anthro-pology, archaeology, and biological anthropology.

Question 8

culture

Answer 8

The sum total of learned traditions, values, and beliefs that groups of people (and a few species of highly intelligent animals) possess.

Question 9

biocultural anthropology

Answer 9

The study of the interaction between biology and culture, which plays a role in most human traits.

Question 10

Sub fields of anthropology

Answer 10

Cultural anthropology is the study of human societies in a cross-cultural perspective. The amazing variety of ways in which people lead their daily lives is at the heart of the field. Ethnology, one of the subfields of cultural anthropology, is the study of human societies and of the behavior of people within those societies. The practice of ethnology is called ethnography (literally, “the describing of culture”). A written account of the initiation rituals of street gangs in Los Angeles is an example of ethnography; another is the study of how parents in Boston care for their children relative to parenting among the Sherpas of highland Nepal.
culture form the basis for the analysis and interpretation of ancient cultures.
Archaeologists
work at sites all over the world, studying time periods from the advent of stone tools 2.5 million years ago until the much more recent past. Prehistoric
archaeologists study cultures that did not leave any re-corded written history—from the early hominins to the preliterate antecedents of modern cultures from Hawaii to Africa. Historical archaeologists study past civilizations that left a written record of their existence, whether in the hieroglyphics of Egyptian tombs, the Viking runes scratched onto rock across northern Europe, or the diaries kept by the colonial settlers of New England. Other archae-ologists study Revolutionary War battlefields or sites of former slave plantations in an effort to understand how people lived and structured their societies.
Linguistic anthropology is the study of the form, func-tion, and social context of language. Linguistic anthropolo-gists usually are more interested in language use and the role that language plays in shaping culture than they are in the technical aspects of language structure. An anthropological linguist might study the aspects of Black English that set it apart from mainstream and be interested in the roots of Black English on slave plantations and in West Africa. Archaeology is the study of how people used to live, based on the materials, or artifacts, they left behind. These artifacts, art, implements, and other objects of material
Biological anthropology is vastly broader than the study
of primates, fossils, and brain evolution. Any scientist studying evolution as it relates to the human species, directly or indi-rectly, could be called a biological anthropologist. Biological anthropology includes paleoanthropology, skeletal biology and osteology, paleopathology, forensic anthropology, prima-tology, and human biology.

Question 11

paleoanthropology

Answer 11

The study of the fossil record of ancestral humans and their primate kin.

Question 12

osteology

Answer 12

The study of the skeleton.

Question 13

paleopathology

Answer 13

The study of diseases in ancestral human populations.

Question 14

bioarchaeology

Answer 14

The study of human remains in an archaeological context.

Question 15

forensic anthropology

Answer 15

The study of human remains applied to a legal context.

Question 16

Primatology

Answer 16

The study of nonhuman primates

Question 17

human biology

Answer 17

Subfield of biological anthropology dealing with human growth and development, adaptation to environmental extremes, and human genetics.

Question 18

physical anthropology

Answer 18

The study of humans as biological organisms, considered in an evolutionary framework.

Question 19

Liberalism

Answer 19

value of individual human life and individual freedom . Tolerance, respect for behaviour and opinions that are different, human rights, civil rights, free enterprise.

Question 20

Rationalism

Answer 20

knowledge gained through logic and rational thought

Question 21

The original Neandertal: where and when was it found and who studied it?

Answer 21

Feldhofer Cave, Germany, 1856 , Johann Fuhlrott , Hermann Shaaffhausen, Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902)-

Question 22

founder of modern pathology

Answer 22

Rudolf Virchow- refused to accept the premise of evolution and thought there was a disease that affected this skeleton- the idea conflicted too much with his beliefs, and he was a barrier to the development of biological sciences and research into evolution

Question 23

Three Important Changes in Our Understanding of the World

Answer 23

1. Extreme Age of the Earth James Hutton (1726–1797) “Ancient geological conditions were the same as or ‘uniform to’ those of today.
   ” Charles Lyell (1797–1875) 1835 “Extreme antiquity (age) of the earth” -based on his observations and as well as those other scientists, said that earth was at least 300 million years old- the churches argued.
2. 2. Extreme Age of Human History – the idea that people have been around longer than 6000 years- people have lived in Europe for a million years and have tons of stone tools that have been found. Prior to 180’’s no one knew what those objects were
3. The Mutability of Organisms ‘Evolution’ – Trans mutation (Darwin)- That other animals went through changes over time, as did humans.

Question 24

Lamarckianism

Answer 24

Lamarck (1744–1829) “ became familiar with the fossil record- championed the idea that characteristic s are passed down- theory called : Inheritance of acquired characteristics. e.g giraffes necks becoming longer over time.

Question 25

George Cuvier (1796–1832)

Answer 25

debated with Lamark- argued against Lamarckianism and championed the biblical story

Question 26

Fixity of Species

Answer 26

species have not changed since god created them

Question 27

Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913)

Answer 27

– came up with similar theory to Darwin encouraging Darwin to publish his theory in 1859.

Question 28

Thomas Henry Huxley (1825–1895)

Answer 28

often referred to as “Darwin’s Bulldog,” was a prominent English biologist, anatomist, and advocate for Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection

Question 29

The Broken Hill, or Kabwe Skull Zambia

Answer 29

first Neanderthal skull found outside Europe

Question 30

Arthur Keith (1866–1955) Scottish anatomist
Marcellin Boule (1861–1942)French anatomist

Answer 30

Both rejected Neanderthals as our ancestors- thinking modern humans were particularly unique and special.

Question 31

Raymond Dart - What did he find in Africa?

Answer 31

“Taung Child” 1925 Australopithecus africanus- we still recognize this species. . Skull of small child- species between modern humans and primates. ‘Southern ape from Africa”

Question 32

Davidson Black (1884–1934)

Answer 32

“Peking Man” 1926–1929 Zhoukoudien, China - ,many of the bones being recovered from the site were fossil human species. These are homo erectus remains.

Question 33

Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778)

Answer 33

Binomial Classification System Classification – organized plants into order, then applied this to animals as well.
Classification has changed but the system is still in use- scientific naming system.