Chapter 1 Flashcards
Who discovered x-rays?
Wilhelm Roentgen
What date were x-rays discovered?
Nov 8, 1895
Who brought to light the dangers of x-rays?
Thomas Edison - his assistant Clarence Dally was the first fatality of x-ray dosage
What are the fundamental quantities?
Mass, Length, Time
What are the radiographic quantity meausres?
Dose, dose equivalent, exposure and radioactivity
What is mass?
The amount of space you take up. It stays the same regardless of shape, size, and form.
How is mass measured?
Kg
Define Potential Energy
Energy in a store state. Ability to do work by its position
Define Kinetic Energy
The energy of motion
Define Chemical Energy
Energy released by a chemical reaction
Define Electrical Energy
Work that can be done when an electron moves through an electic potential difference (voltage)
Define Thermal Energy
Energy of motion at the molecular level
Define Nuclear Energy
Energy contained within the nucleus of an atom
Types of Electromagnetic Energy
AKA radiation. Includes x-rays, gamma rays, radio waves, microwaves, UV, infared and visable light
Define Radiation
Energy emitted and transferred through space
Define Ionizing Radiation
Radiation that is capable of removing orbital electron from one of the subjects atoms
What 3 types of electromagnetic radiation are capable of ionizing an atom?
X-rays, gamma rays, and UV light
What are the 4 kinds of natural occuring radiation?
- Cosmic Rays
- Terrestrial Radiation
- Internally Deposited Radionuclides
- Radon
What is the annual dose of natual occuring radiation?
3 mSv/yearly
Define Cosmic Rays
Particulate and electromagnetic radiation emitted by sun and stars
Define Terrestrial Radiation
Already on Earth, deposits of uranium, thorium, and other radionuclides on the planet
Example of Internally Deposited Radionuclides
Potassium - 40 are natually within us as metabolites
Define Radon
Largest natual source of radiation. A radioactive gas produced by the decay of uranium. All Earth based materials have this within it.
What is Einstein’s equation and what does it represent?
E=mc^2
The relationship between energy and matter
What are the 4 units of measurement used in Radiology
Gray - unit of absorbed dose; all over dose
Seivert - used to measure occupational dose (dose equivalent); also measures effective does
Coulomb/kilogram - output of the radiographic unit’s radiation measurement in air
Becqueral - measures radioactive material
What is the negative side of the tube head assembly?
Cathode
What is the postive side of the tube head assembly?
Anode
What is energy converted into in the tube head assembly?
1% xrays and 99% heat
What is inside the tube housing and what is it typically made of?
Contains the vacuum tube with the anode and cathode inside. Typically made of metal
What does ALARA stand for?
As Low As Reasonbly Achievable
What are the ways to minimize radiation?
Shielding, Time, Distance and Beam Restriciton
What type of tube was used to produce the first xrays?
Crookes tube
What compound was used with the Crookes tube to create fluorescent light?
Barium Platinocyanide
What did Roentgen win for physics and what year did he win it?
1901 - nobel prize
Matter that gets hit by radiation is considered:
Irradiated
What is beam restriction?
Limiting the field of raditation
The greater volume of tissue exposed, the greater the radiation dose
What quantities are derived from mass, length and time?
Velocity
Accerleration
Force
Momentum
Work
Power
