Chapter 1 Flashcards
Atoms
Submicroscopic particles are the fundamental building blocks of ordinary matter
Chemistry
the science that seeks to understand the behavior of matter by studying the behavior of atoms and molecules
Qualitative
description using words
Quantitative
measuring something using numbers
pure substance
made up of only one component and composition does not vary from one sample to another
Mixture
composed of two or more components in proportions that can vary from one sample to another
Physical change
alter only the state or appearance
- atoms or molecules that compose a substance do not change their identity
- changes in the state of matter (boiling or melting) or changes in physical conditions of matter (cutting or crushing)
Chemical change
atoms rearrange, transforming the original substance into different substances
- temperature or color change
- odor, taste, color, appearance, melting point, boiling point, and density
Chemical property
a property that a substance displays only by changing its composition via a chemical change
- corrosiveness, flammability, acidity, toxicity
energy
capacity to do work
work
the action of a force through a distance
- distance is required
kinetic energy
energy associated with its motion
-total energy of an object
potential energy
energy associated with its position or composition
Thermal energy
energy associated with the temperature of the object
- type of kinetic energy
Law of conservation of energy
energy is neither created nor destroyed
Second principle
the tendency of systems with high potential energy to change in a way that lowers their potential energy
- high potential energy -> unstable
Fahrenheit
Freezing: 32
Boils: 212
Absolute zero: -459
Celsius
Freezing: 0
Boils: 100
Absolute zero: -273
Kelvin
Freezing: 273
Boils: 373
Absolute zero: 0
Fahrenheit to Celsius
(F - 32) / 1.8
Celsius to Kelvin
C + 273.15
Density
d = mass/volume
= m/v
Significant figure rules
- non zero digits - significant
- interior zero - significant
- leading zero - NOT SIGNIFICANT
Rules for significant figures rules: trailing zeros
- after the decimal point - significant
- before the decimal point - significant
- before an implied decimal point - ambiguous
Rules for significant figures rules: Multiplications/division
the same number of significant figures as the factor with the fewest significant figures
Rules for significant figures rules: Addition/ subtraction
the same number of decimal places as the quantity with the fewest decimal places in the answer
