CHAPTER 1 Flashcards
Branch of psychology that applies the principles of psychology to the workplace (Aamodt, 2013)
to enhance the dignity and performance of human beings and the organizations they work in by advancing the science and knowledge of human behavior
INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY
are able to apply psychological theories to explain and enhance the effectiveness of human behavior in the workplace
INDUSTRIAL-ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGIST
study and practice in such areas as analyzing jobs, recruiting applicants, selecting employees, determining salary levels, training employees and evaluating employee performance
PERSONNEL PSYCHOLOGY
concerned with the issues of leadership, job satisfaction, employee motivation, organizational communication, conflict management, organizational change and group processes within an organization
ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
concentrate on workplace design , humanmachine interaction , ergonomics and physical fatigue and stress
HUMAN FACTORS/ERGONOMICS
Recruitment Motivation
Selection Attitudes
Training Leadership
Performance Appraisal Teams
Promotion Stress
Transfer Job Design
Termination
INDUSTRIAL (THE HR SIDE)
Motivation
Attitudes
Leadership
Teams
Stress
Job Design
ORGANIZATION
† THE THEORY OF ADVERTISING : a book considered to be the first dealing with Psychology and aspect of work
† use psychological principles to produce more effective advertisements
PROFESSOR WALTER DILL SCOTT 1903
Father of Industrial Psychology
† “THE PSYCHOLOGY OF INDUSTRIAL EFFICIENCY”
HUGO MUNSTERBERG 1910
† created PSYCHOLOGICAL
CORPORATION to advance psychology and promote its usefulness to industry
† served as a place for companies to get reference check on prospective
psychologists
JAMES MCKEEN CATELL (1921)
† started the DIVISION OF APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY FOR CARNEGIE
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY the first academic program in Industrial
Psychology
WALTER BINGHAM
† her theory was a forerunner of today’s teamwork concept and group cohesiveness
† her works focused on groups and advocated people-oriented organizations
MARY PARKER FOLLETT
† the pioneers in applying scientific methods to the workplace were not psychologists but engineers
† they focused on scientific management; the managerial philosophy that emphasizes the worker as a well-oiled machine and the determination of the most efficient methods for performing any work related task
THE ADVENT OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT
: a teaching model in which students are trained first to be scientists, and second, to be able to apply the science of their field to find solutions to real-world
problems
SCIENTIST-PRACTITIONER
MODEL
: mastermind of the idea of scientific management
Frederick Winslow Taylor
Led the first publication of an empirical study of the effects of leadership styles which initiated arguments for the use of participative management techniques
KURT ZADEK LEWIN (1939)
study of why people buy things
Consumer Psychology
refers to the list of respondents in a particular area who agree to respond to questionnaire regarding products, services, advertisements, or other promotional
efforts
CONSUMER PANEL
market research is a qualitative research method whereby a selection of respondents will be asked to keep a record of their experiences or observations over a particular period of time
DIARY PANEL
: invented psychological tests
-I/O psychology made its first big impact during WWI; screening and classifying millions of recruits
-number of Psychologists devised a general intelligence test so that persons with low intelligence could be identified and eliminated from the training
ROBERT MEARNS YERKES
Two tests were developed during WWI
the ARMY ALPHA for the literates and the ARMY BETA for the non-literates
: two other famous trailblazers in the scientific approach; a married couple best known for the TIME AND MOTION STUDIES they conducted in the early twentieth century (aim to reduce fatigue and improve productivity)
FRANK AND LILLIAN GILBRETH
: founder of ford motor company; invented the assembly line, in which the workers stayed in one place and an individual laborer assembled one (and only one) part of a car as it moved along
on a mechanized conveyor belt
HENRY FORD
the interaction of human beings with tools; understanding and enhancing the safety and efficiency of the human-machine interaction is the central focus of ergonomics,
ERGONOMICS
also called HUMAN FACTORS, a field that combine
engineering and psychology
ERGONOMICS
origin of the term applied psychology, as those who conducted this work during the war were the first to apply the principles of psychological research to the workplace setting
FIELD OF ERGONOMICS
: individuals who might have good ideas about the placement of buttons on a control panel or the preferred coloring of those buttons
Cognition
: individuals who might design training programs for the use of machines
Learning
individuals who might address issues such as living in a constrained environment like
Social and environmental psychologists
, a PLANT OUTSIDE CHICAGO, conducted from 1927-1932 under the
leadership of psychologist and sociologist
WESTERN ELECTRIC HAWTHORNE WORKS
: initially interested in examining how various work conditions could influence productivity (ex., room lighting, humidity, breaks, work hours, and management style); workers were
randomly assigned to one of two groups
Elton Mayo
: workers’ feelings affect their work behavior
-a field experiment, demonstrated the value of research; worker perceptions of reality are more important than objective
reality
The Hawthorne Studies
: tendency of individuals to perform better simply because of being singled out and made to feel important
HAWTHORNE EFFECT
characterized by the passage of several major pieces of civil rights legislation; use of sensitivity training and
T-GROUPS for managers
1960s
: “BEYOND FREEDOM
AND DIGNITY “ resulted in the increase use of behavior modification techniques in organizations
B.F. Skinner
-increase use of fairly sophisticated statistical techniques and methods of analysis ; a new interest in the application of cognitive psychology to industry -increased interest in the effects of work on family life and leisure activities -renewed interest in developing methods to select employees
1980s - 2000s
committee designated to ensure the ethical treatment of research subjects
Institutional Review Board
: the extent to which the results of a study have actual impact on human behavior
Practical Significance
† most powerful of all research methods; cause and effect relationship
† random assignment of subjects
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE(s)
MANIPULATED
DEPENDENT
VARIABLE(s)
BEING MEASURED
informing the subject in an experiment about the purpose of the study in which he or she was a participant and providing any other relevant information
DEBRIEFING
† no manipulation of variables
† measures naturally occurring association between two or more variables
† cannot inform researchers about causeeffect relationship between variables
CORRELATIONAL METHODS
† use when some aspects of experimentation are possible but not all (i.e., no random assignments)
† more common in I/O psych than in many other areas of psychology
QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
† to ask people their opinion on some topic
† conducted by personal interview, phone, fax, internet, mail
SURVEY & INTERVIEWS
† using previously collected data of records to answer questions
† not being obtrusive and not expensive
† Ex. Personal files, company records
ARCHIVAL RESEARCH
† conducted in natural setting as opposed to a laboratory
FIELD RESEARCH
† conducted in a laboratory setting that can be controlled more easily than research conducted in a field setting
LABORATORY RESEARCH
† a training technique in which employees, usually in a group, are presented with a real or hypothetical workplace problem and are asked to propose the best solution
CASE STUDIES
: case study based on a real situation rather than a hypothetical one
LIVING CASE
† a statistical method of reaching conclusions based on previous research
META-ANALYSIS
: used in meta-analysis, a statistic that indicates the amount of change caused by an experimental manipulation
EFFECT SIZE
: a meta-analysis statistic that is the average of the effects sizes for all studies included in the analysis
MEAN EFFECT SIZE
: type of effect size used in meta-analysis that is signified by the letter d and indicates how many standard deviations separate the mean score for the experimental group from the control group
DIFFERENT SCORE
: a correlation coefficient that has been corrected for predictor and criterion reliability and for range restriction
CORRECTED OR TRUE VALIDITY
† a publication with the goal of bridging the gap between the research conducted by academics and the practical needs of practitioners
BRIDGE PUBLICATION
† written collection of articles describing the methods and results of new research
JOURNAL
† an unscientific collection of articles about a wide range of topics
MAGAZINE
† collection of articles for those “in the biz,” about related professional topics, seldom directly reporting the methods and
results of new research
TRADE MAGAZINE
