Chapter 1

Question 1

What does statistics study?

Answer 1

Science of using data to study characteristics of a population

pg. 3

Question 2

What is Descriptive Statistics?

Answer 2

Organizing, summarizing, presenting and analyzing the data

pg. 4

Question 3

What is Inferential Statistics?

Answer 3

Interpreting the data and drawing conclusions based on the data.

Infer=to arrive

pg. 4

Question 4

What is a population?

Answer 4

All the people or things being studied

pg. 4

Question 5

What is a sample?

Answer 5

Some of the people or things being studied

pg. 4

Question 6

What does studying a sample do?

Answer 6

Allows you to estimate or infer the properties of the population

pg. 5

Question 7

What is a representative sample?

Answer 7

has characteristics that are similar to the population

good

pg. 6

Question 8

What is a non-representative sample?

Answer 8

has characteristics that are NOT similar to the population

bad

pg. 6

Question 9

What is a random sample?

Answer 9

Every population member has an equal chance of being selected

good/representative

pg. 8

Question 10

What is a simple random sample?

Answer 10

Were members of the population are selected at random and individually

best type of sample

pg. 8

Question 11

What is a cluster sample?

Answer 11

The population is divided into clusters(groups) and then clusters are randomly selected and all members of that cluster are sampled

pg. 9

Question 12

What is stratified sampling?

Answer 12

The population is divided into at least 2 different subgroups. Then we draw a sample of some of the members from each subgroup

pg. 9

Question 13

What is systematic sampling?

Answer 13

We select every kth(such as each 5th) member of the population

can be problematic

pg. 10

Question 14

What is convenience sampling?

Answer 14

When people conducting the study just use a sample that is convenient for them

generally yield poor results

pg. 11

Question 15

What is a voluntary response sample?

Answer 15

When a sample is made from members of the population who choose for themselves whether or not to be in the sample

Never acceptable and have poor results

pg. 11

Question 16

What about an election?

Answer 16

In an election people choose whether or not to vote however voters are the population not the sample

pg. 13

Question 17

What is bias and why might it lead to poor data?

Answer 17

If the people conducting or paying for a study have an interest in getting certain results, they might unethically collect or use data only from places that give them results they want.

pg. 14

Question 18

What is a reported result why might it lead to poor data?

Answer 18

What people say about themselves (self-reported) people can be inaccurate about themselves, especially when asked about sensitive topics results should be measured instead

pg. 15

Question 19

What is a small sample and why might it lead to poor data?

Answer 19

Too few of a sample to skew results

pg. 15

Question 20

What are confounding variables and why might it lead to poor data?

Answer 20

When multiple variables are involved and it’s hard to tell which variable causes which effect

pg. 16

Question 21

What are loaded questions/the order of the questions and why might it lead to poor data?

Answer 21

Sometimes the way a question is written or the order they are given can have an effect on how people answer e.g. more than or less than can be confusing/subjunctive

pg. 16

Question 22

What is non-responses and why might it lead to poor data?

Answer 22

When people asked to participate in a study refuse to respond needed to be counted to keep the data from being skewed

pg. 17

Question 23

What is missing data and why might it lead to poor data?

Answer 23

When entire segments of the population are left out, depending on the study it could have a significant effect on the data

pg. 17

Question 24

What is statistical significance?

Answer 24

When the evidence supports the findings

pg. 18

Question 25

What is practical significance?

Answer 25

When the effect is large enough to be meaningful in the real world

pg. 18

Question 26

What is a parameter?

Answer 26

Numerical results describing some characteristic of a population

(p=p) actual result for the population

pg. 18

Question 27

What is a statistic?

Answer 27

Numerical results describing some characteristic of a sample

(s=s) estimate of the population

pg. 18

Question 28

What is discrete data?

Answer 28

When possible result values are at set intervals

e.g. shoe sizes

pg. 20

Question 29

What is continuous data?

Answer 29

When possible results cover any decimal within a range of values

e.g. length and time

pg. 20

Question 30

what is quantitative data?

Answer 30

Consists of numbers that represent counts or measurements.

quaNtitative=Number

pg. 22

Question 31

What is qualitative data?

Answer 31

Consist of names or labels that are NOT numbers that represent counts or measurements

quaLitative=Label

pg. 22

Question 32

What is an observational study?

Answer 32

When we observe and measure specific characteristics but do NOT attempt to modify the subjects

pg. 24

Question 33

What is an experiment?

Answer 33

When treatment is applied and the effects on the subject are studied

pg. 24

Question 34

What is the difference between the control group and experimental group?

Answer 34

The control group gets the placebo
The experimental group gets the actual treatment

pg. 25

Question 35

What is a blind experiment?

Answer 35

When subjects are not told if they are receiving the actual treatment or the placebo

This has to be done for a placebo to work

pg. 26

Question 36

What is a double blind experiment?

Answer 36

When subjects and the doctors/professionals are not told who is receiving the actual treatment or the placebo

Prevents bias and is the best study we have

pg. 26

Question 37

What is a proportion?

Answer 37

A percent in decimal form

proportion=# in the category/total

pg. 26