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A & P 1 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Fill-in-the-blank:
Anatomy is the science that is concerned with ____ ____ and the relationship among them.

A

body structures

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2
Q

Fill-in-the-blank:
________ is the science concerned with the functions of the body parts.

A

Physiology

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3
Q

What are the 6 levels of structural organization?

A

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism

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4
Q

Identify the level of structural organization: all atoms and molecules in the body

A

Chemical

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5
Q

Identify the level of structural organization: all the cells in the body

A

cellular

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6
Q

Identify the level of structural organization: groups of cells working together to perform a specific function

A

tissue

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7
Q

Identify the level of structural organization: groups of tissues working together to perform a specific function

A

organ

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8
Q

Identify the level of structural organization: several related organs that have a common function

A

system

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9
Q

Identify the level of structural organization: all body parts functioning together.
-a single complete individual

A

organism

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10
Q

The anatomical position
1. Subject stands upright, ____ the observer
2. Feet ____ on the floor
3. ____ at sides
4. Palms, face, and eyes facing _____

A
  1. facing
  2. flat
  3. arms
  4. forward
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11
Q

Anatomical right and left refer to the subject’s ____ or _____.

A

Right or left

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12
Q

Directional terms and definitions:
toward the head or above the structures

A

superior (cephalic or cranial)

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13
Q

Directional terms and definitions:
away from the head or below other structures

A

Inferior (caudal)

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14
Q

Directional terms and definitions:
toward the front or belly surface

A

anterior (ventral)

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15
Q

Directional terms and definitions:
toward the midline

A

medial

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16
Q

Directional terms and definitions:
away from the midline

A

lateral

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17
Q

Directional terms and definitions:
between two structures

A

intermediate

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18
Q

Directional terms and definitions:
on the same side of the body

A

ipsilateral

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19
Q

Directional terms and definitions:
on the opposite side of the body

A

contralateral

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20
Q

Directional terms and definitions:
closer to the point of attachment or origin

A

proximal

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21
Q

Directional terms and definitions:
further from the point of attachment or origin

A

distal

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22
Q

Directional terms and definitions:
towards the body surface

A

superfical (external)

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23
Q

Directional terms and definitions:
away from the body surface

A

deep (internal)

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24
Q

Directional terms and definitions:
laying face down

A

prone

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25
Q

Directional terms and definitions: laying face up

A

supine

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26
Q

Fill-in-the blank:
1. real or imaginary “____” of the body or parts of the body
2. Imaginary flat surfaces used to ____ the body for reference

A
  1. “slices”
  2. divide
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27
Q

Identify the body plane: a vertical slice which divides the body or organ into right and left halves

A

sagittal plane

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28
Q

Identify the body plane: a vertical slice that divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior portions

A

coronal (frontal) plane

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29
Q

Identify the body plane: a horizontal slice that divides the body or organ into **superior and inferior halves **

A

transverse (horizontal) plane
- aka cross section

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30
Q

Identify the body plane: a slice which passes through at an angle

A

oblique plane (more minor)

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31
Q

What are the two types of sagittal planes?

A
  1. Median (midsagittal) plane
  2. Paramedian (parasagital) plane
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32
Q

Sagittal plane: median or paramedian plane?
passes through midline, divides the body or organ into equal right and left halves

A

Median plane

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33
Q

Sagittal plane: median or paramedian plane?
doesn’t pass through the midline, divides the body or organ into unequal right and left halves

A

Paramedian plane

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34
Q

Identify the body cavity or membrane:
toward the back of the body

A

Dorsal body cavity

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35
Q

Identify the body cavity or membrane:
toward the front of the body

A

Ventral body cavity

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36
Q

Identify the body cavity or membrane:
muscle that seperates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

A

Diaphragm

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37
Q

Identify the body cavity or membrane:
* thin and double-layered
* lines the walls of the abdominal and thoracic cavities and covers the organs in these cavities

A

Serous membrane

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38
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the dorsal body cavity?

A
  1. Cranial cavity
  2. Vertebral (spinal) canal
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39
Q

Dorsal cavity: cranial cavity or vertebral (spinal) canal?
* formed by the cranial bones and contains the brain

A

cranial cavity

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40
Q

Dorsal cavity: cranial cavity or vertebral (spinal) canal?
* formed by the vertebrae and contains the spinal cord

A

vertebral (spinal) canal

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41
Q

____ are the mebranes of the dorsal cavity.

A

Meninges

42
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the ventral body cavity?

A
  1. Thoracic Cavity
  2. Abdominopelvic Cavity
43
Q

Ventral body cavity: thoracic or abdominopelvic cavity?
* superior cavity that houses the heart and lungs

A

thoracic cavity

44
Q

Ventral body cavity: thoracic or abdominopelvic cavity?
* inferior portion of the ventral cavity

A

abdominopelvic cavity

45
Q

The thoracic cavity is also known as the ____ cavity.

A

Chest cavity

46
Q

The thoraic cavity is divided into what 3 subdivisons?

A
  1. Pericardial cavity
  2. Pleural cavities
  3. mediastinum
47
Q

Thoracic cavity: pericardial cavity, pleural cavities, or mediastinum?
* a fluid-filled space that surrounds the heart

A

pericardial cavity

48
Q

Thoracic cavity: pericardial cavity, pleural cavities, or mediastinum?
* fluid-filled spaces that surround each lung

A

pleural cavities

49
Q

Thoracic cavity: pericardial cavity, pleural cavities, or mediastinum?
* central area of thoracic cavity

A

mediastinum

50
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the abdominopelvic cavity?

A
  1. Abdominal cavity
  2. Pelvic cavity
51
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity: Abdominal or pelvic cavity?
* contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, kidneys and ureters, small intestine, and most of the large intestine

A

abdominal cavity

52
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity: Abdominal or pelvic cavity?
* contains reproductive organs, part of the large intestine, urinary bladder, urethra, and rectum

A

pelvic cavity

53
Q

Fill-in-the-blank: serous membrane
functions to ____ friction by secreting lubricating fluid and to prevent infection by ______ organs

A

reduce, compartmentalizing

54
Q

What are the 2 parts (layers) of the serous membrane?

A
  1. Parietal layer
  2. Visceral layer
55
Q

Serous membrane: parietal or visceral layer?
* refers to the part of the membrane that lines the cavity walls

A

parietal layer

56
Q

Serous membrane: parietal or visceral layer?
* refers to the part of the membrane that lines outer surfaces of the organs within the cavity

A

visceral layer

57
Q

What are the names of the 3 specific serous membranes?

A
  1. Peritoneum
  2. Pleura
  3. Pericardium
58
Q

Serous membranes: peritoneum, pleura, or pericardium?
* lines the abdominopelvic cavity and its organs

A

peritoneum

59
Q

Serous membranes: peritoneum, pleura, or pericardium?
* adheres to the surface of the lungs and lines the walls of the chest and diaphragm

A

pleura

60
Q

Serous membranes: peritoneum, pleura, or pericardium?
* encloses the heart

A

pericaridum

61
Q

What are the 5 body regions?

A
  1. Head
  2. Neck
  3. Trunk
  4. Upper Limbs
  5. Lower Limbs
62
Q

Identify the body regions (recall; there are 5):
consists of the skull and face

A

head

63
Q

Identify the body regions (recall; there are 5):
supports the head and attaches to the trunk

A

neck

64
Q

Identify the body regions (recall; there are 5):
consists of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis

A

trunk

65
Q

Identify the body regions (recall; there are 5):
attach to trunk and assists of shoulders, armpits and arms, forearms, wrists and hands

A

upper limbs

66
Q

Identify the body regions (recall; there are 5):
attach to trunk and consists of buttock, thighs, legs, ankles, and feet

A

lower limbs

67
Q

___ ____ divide up the abdominopelvic cavity into fourths.
* often used to describe the site of abdominal pain or abnormality

A

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

68
Q

Identify the 4 abdominopelvic quadrants
1. _____ (RUQ)
2. ____ (RLQ)
3. ____ (LUQ)
4. ____ (LLQ)

A
  1. Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
  2. Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
  3. Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
  4. Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
69
Q

Identify the 9 abdominopelvic regions
1. right and left ____ regions
2. right and left ____ (lateral) regions
3. right and left ____ (iliac) regions
4. ____ region
5. ____ region
6. ____ region

A
  1. hypochondriac
  2. lumbar (lateral)
  3. inguinal (iliac)
  4. epigastric
  5. umbilical
  6. hypogastric
70
Q

Identify the 11 systems of the body

A

Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphoid (lymphatic), respiratory, urinary, digestive, gential (reproductive)

71
Q

organ systems of the body: integumentary, skeletal, or muscular
* major organs: skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands
* major functions: protection, vitamin D synthesis, eliminates waste, thermoregulation, nonverberal communication, cutaneous sensation

A

integumentary

72
Q

organ systems of the body: integumentary, skeletal, or muscular
* major organs: cartilage, joints, bones
* major functions: protects and supports body organs, attachment for muscles and others

A

skeletal

73
Q

organ systems of the body: integumentary, skeletal, or muscular
* major organs: skeletal muscles
* major functions: movement, heat production

A

muscular

74
Q

organ systems of the body: nervous, endochrine, or cardiovascular
* major organs: brain, spinal cord, nerves, special sense organs
* major functions: coordinate body activities, detects internal and external changes, interpret the changes and respond to changes

A

nervous

75
Q

organ systems of the body: nervous, endochrine, or cardiovascular
* major organs: glands (pineal, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, suprarenal, adrenal, pancreas, testis, ovary)
* major functions: secrete hormones to regulate processes and metabolism, internal communication

A

endochrine

76
Q

organ systems of the body: nervous, endochrine, or cardiovascular
* major components: heart, blood vessels, blood
* major function: transports blood

A

cardiovascular

77
Q

organ systems of the body: lymphoid (lymphatic), respiratory, urinary
* major organs: lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils, lymph
* major functions: pick up fluid and return it to blood and protects body from diseas

A

lymphoid (lymphatic)

78
Q

organ systems of the body: lymphoid (lymphatic), respiratory, urinary
* major organs: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
* major functions: gas exhange, vocalization

A

respiratory

79
Q

organ systems of the body: lymphoid (lymphatic), respiratory, urinary
* major organs: kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra
* major functions: **eliminates **waste, acid-base balance

A

urinary

80
Q

organ systems of the body: digestive or genital (reproductive)
* major organs: teeth, tongue, salivary glands, espohagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
* major functions: breaks down food and absorbs nutrients and elimates solid waste

A

digestive

81
Q

organ systems of the body: digestive or genital (reproductive)
* major organs- male: prostate gland, epidiymis, bulbuourethral gland, seminal vesicles, vas deferens, penis, testis
* major organs-female: mammory glands (breasts), uterine (fallopian) tube, ovary, uterus, vagina

A

genital (reproductive)

82
Q

organ systems of the body: genital (reproductive)- Male or Female?
* major functions: produce and deliver sperm, sex hormones

A

Male

83
Q

organ systems of the body: genital (reproductive)- Male or Female?
* major functions: produce eggs, site of fetal development, lactation, sex hormones

A

Female

84
Q

Complete the statement:
The ultimate goal of all body systems is to___ ____.

A

maintain life

85
Q

Terms and definitions: term used to describe the body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment

A

Homeostatis

86
Q

Fill-in-the-blank:
Loss of homeostatic control can lead to ___ or ____.

A

illness or death

87
Q

Homeostatis is constantly being disrupted by “____” (both internal and external).

A

“stress”

88
Q

Our internal environment copes with disruptions to homeostatis by ___ ___.

A

Feedback systems (loops)

89
Q

Terms and definitions: monitor what is going on in the body

A

Feedback systems (loops)

90
Q

Identify the 3 basic components of a feedback system (loop)
1. monitors changes in a controlled condition (e.g. blood glucose, body temp, blood pressure) and sends into to #2
2. evaluates info from receptor and sends message to #3
3. produces a response that changes the controlled condition

A
  1. Receptor
  2. Control center (e.g., brain)
  3. Effector (e.g., any organ or tissue)
91
Q

What are the 2 types of feedback systems?

A
  1. Negative Feedback System
  2. Positive Feedback System
92
Q

Posisitve or Negative feedback system?:
* reverses a change in a controlled condition

A

Negative feedback system

93
Q

Positive or Negative feedback system?:
* strengthens or reinforces a change in a controlled condition

A

Positive feedback system

94
Q

Positive or Negative feedback system?:
* usually reduces the stimulus

A

Negative feedback system

95
Q

Positive or Negative feedback system?:
* usually strengthens the stimulus

A

Positive feedback system

96
Q

Positive or Negative feedback system?:
* loop is stopped with the controlled condition returns to its normal state

A

Negative feedback system

97
Q

Positive or Negative feedback system?:
* loop is stopped when some event outside the system stops it (e.g., childbirth)

A

Positive feedback system

98
Q

Terms and definitions: any abnormality of structure or function

A

disorder

99
Q

Terms and definitions: specific term for illness characterized by a recognizable set of sings and symptoms

A

disease

100
Q

Disease: which defines signs and which defines symptoms?
1. subjective changes experienced by a person ( observer cant’s see them, e.g., headache, nausea, anxiety)
2. objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure (e.g., swelling, rash, fever, high BP, paralysis)

A
  1. symptoms
  2. signs
101
Q

How a negative feedback system works: steps/stages
1. ____ disrupts controlled condition (exercises disrupts body temp)
2. ____ sense change (heat receptors)
3. ___ ____ (brain) interprets information
4. ____ carry out response to restore homeostatis (sweat glands)
5. ____ (sweat and evaporative cooling) returns body to homeostais

A
  1. stimulus
  2. receptors
  3. control center
  4. effectors
  5. response

A & P 1 (4 decks)

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