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Biostatistics > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Types of statistics

A

Descriptive & Inference

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2
Q

What’s descriptive statistic?

A

Involves the collection, organization, summarization and presentation of the data.

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3
Q

What’s inference statistic?

A

Consist of generalizing from samples to population.

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4
Q

What’s Data?

A

Collections of observations

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5
Q

What’s population and sample?

A

Population : The complete collection of all the individuals to be studied

Sample : Collection selected from a population

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6
Q

A graduate student conduct a research study on undergraduate student smoking habit. She begins with a survey to 500 randomly selected undergraduate students from 10 randomly selected universities. The 500 students form a sample or population?

A

Sample

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7
Q

A graduate student conduct a research study on on undergraduate student smoking habit. She begins with a survey to 500 randomly selected undergraduate students from 10 randomly selected universities. The undergraduate students from universities form a sample or population?

A

Population

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8
Q

What’s a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a population?

A

Parameter

” Mean and standard deviation are both parameters”

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9
Q

What’s a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a sample?

A

Statistics

” The sample mean and the sample standard deviation are both statistics”

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10
Q

In studying the loggerhead turtle, scientists observe the average mean number of hatchling in all 253 nests. Is the given value a parameter or statistics?

A

Parameter because “ population “

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11
Q

A sample of batteries lasted an average mean of 9 days. Is the given value a parameter or statistics?

A

Statistics “sample “

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12
Q

Any quantity that varies. Can have different values

A

Variables

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13
Q

Two types of variables

A

Qualitative & Quantitative

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14
Q

Consist of names or labels representing categories

A

Qualitative

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15
Q

Consist of numbers representing counts or measurements

A

Quantitive

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16
Q

Types of qualitative

A

Nominal & Ordinal

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17
Q

Types of quantitative variables

A

Continuous & Discrete

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18
Q

Result when the number of possible values is either a finite number or a countable number (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) z
Ex: The number of eggs that a hen lays. What kind of data?

A

Discrete Data

19
Q

Result from infinitely many possible values that covers a range of values without gaps, interpretations, jumps.
Ex : The amount of milk that a cow produce 2.3728282 gallons per day.
What kind of data?

A

Continuous Data

20
Q

The categories have no relation to each other and can’t be arranged in a specific order. Ex: blood groups and gender.
What kind of data?

A

Nominal Data

21
Q

Compare between dichotomous and multi-chotomous?

A

Dichotomous: there are only one of two alternatives of the nominal variables. “Gender”

Multi-chotomous : there are more than two categories. “ blood group”

22
Q

This kinds of variables have natural order or progression. Ex: low, middle, high. What kind of data?

A

Ordinal Data

23
Q

A sample of dall sheep is measured to have an average mean horn length of 35.7 inches. Is the given value a discrete or continuous?

A

Continuous

24
Q

The number of hatchlings from a sample of 45 bluebird nests is 135. Is the given value a discrete or continuous?

A

Discrete

25
Q

Four levels of measurement

A

Nominal level , ordinal level, interval level, ratio level.

26
Q

• Involves data that can be arranged in order
• Differences between data values can’t be measured
Ex: Course grade “ A, B, C, D”

A

Ordinal level

27
Q

• Characterized by data that consist of names and labels.
• The data can’t be arranged in order
Ex : survey responses such as yes or no

A

Nominal level of measurement

28
Q

• The data arranged in order
• Differences between datas are meaningful
• There’s no natural zero starting point
Ex : years 1000, 2000, 1888.

A

Interval Level Of Measurement

29
Q

• There’s a natural starting point
• Differences between data is are meaningful
Ex : prices of books such as 0, 100, 50.

A

Ratio Level Of Measurement

30
Q

Doctors measure the weights in pounds of babies. What type of data selected? Ordinal, interval, nominal, ratio.

A

Ratio

31
Q

Scientists classify the four major desert using different regions: the great basin, the mohave, the Sonoran. What type of data is selected?

A

Nominal

32
Q

The income range of attendees at a research conference is gathered as upper middle and low levels. What type of data is selected?

A

Ordinal

33
Q

We obtain data from two sources

A

Observational and experiment

34
Q

Methods of sampling

A

Random
Systematic
Convenience
Stratified
Cluster
Multistage

35
Q

Equal chance of being selected

A

Random sampling

36
Q

Select some starting point and then select every 3 rd kth element

A

Systematic sampling

37
Q

Use results that are easy to get

A

Convenience

38
Q

Divide the population to groups that share the same characteristics then draw a sample from each form

A

Stratified sampling

39
Q

Divide the population are into sections and randomly select some of these groups .Choose all members from selected group.

A

Cluster sampling

40
Q

Collect data by using combination of the Basic sampling methods

A

Multistage sampling

41
Q

To conduct a study of shareholders attitude. Lists of shareholder zip-codes is compiled. All shareholders from 20 different zip-codes are selected to be surveyed. The type of sampling is

A

Cluster

42
Q

To obtain a sample of pregnant women, a researcher contact her son’s preschool. They type of sampling is

A

Convenience

43
Q

Biologists divide the regions where red foxes are found into the Australia, oriental, Ethiopian regions. They plan to follow 100 female from each region to find the average. The type of sampling is

A

Stratified sampling

44
Q

Types of studies and the differences between them

A

Cross sectional study : data is collected now

Retrospective study : past

Prospective : future

Biostatistics (6 decks)

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