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Geology 104 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the prominent lines of latitude on the Earth (name and degree)?

A

Arctic Circle (66.5N), Tropic of Cancer (23.5N), equator, Tropic of Capricorn (23.5S), Antarctic Circle (66.5S)

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2
Q

The four principal ocean basins (plus an additional ocean) on Earth are the _____.

A

Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, Southern (Antarctic)

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3
Q

Which ocean is the deepest ocean in the world?

A

Pacific ocean

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4
Q

Which ocean is mostly, but not entirely, in the southern hemisphere?

A

Indian Ocean

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5
Q

Which ocean is the single largest geographic feature on the planet?

A

Pacific ocean

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6
Q

A tentative, testable statement about the general nature of a phenomenon is called a/an:

A

Hypothesis

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7
Q

Plate tectonics and evolution, which are held with a high degree of confidence because of rigorous testing and verification, are examples of _________.

A

Theories

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8
Q

The separation of the Earth into layers while it was molten was the result of the ________.

A

Density stratification

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9
Q

Which of the following statements regarding continental and oceanic crust is TRUE?

A

Oceanic crust is denser

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10
Q

Current scientific knowledge indicates that the most likely origin of most of Earth’s oceans was due to ________.

A

Water vapor released from volcanic outgassing

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11
Q

The mechanism by which populations evolve and new species develop is called _________.

A

Evolution

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12
Q

Earth is a layered sphere with the _______-density material found near the center of Earth and the __________-density material located near the surface.

A

Higher, lower

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13
Q

Based on chemical composition, Earth consists of ______ layers.

A

3, crust, mantle, core

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14
Q

Based on physical properties, Earth consists of ______ layers.

A

5, lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, outer core, inner core

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15
Q

Oceanic crust is predominantly composed of the igneous rock called _______.

A

Basalt

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16
Q

Continental crust is predominantly composed of the igneous rock called ________.

A

Granite

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17
Q

Although Earth’s oceans have existed since early in the formation of the planet, its _______ must have changed.

A

Chemical composition

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18
Q

According to the fossil record on Earth, the earliest-known life-forms were primitive ___________.

A

Bacteria

19
Q

According to the fossil record on Earth, the earliest-known life-forms lived in sea floor rocks about 3.5 ______ years ago.

A

Million

20
Q

The most likely place for the basic building blocks for the development of life to interact and produce life is in Earth’s ______.

A

Oceans

21
Q

One of the reasons that free oxygen in our atmosphere is important to the development and maintenance of life on Earth is because oxygen ______.

A

Is necessary for humans, ozone protects from ultraviolet radiation

22
Q

Oceans cover ____ of Earth’s surface.

A

70.8%

23
Q

_____ of Earth’s surface water.

A

97.2%

24
Q

When did life first originate on Earth?

A

Between 2,500 and 4,000 million years ago

25
Q

The scientific study of all aspects of the marine environment:

A

Oceanography

26
Q

Disciplines of oceanography:

A

Geology, geography, biology, physics, chemistry, astronomy

27
Q

Density is defined as ______.

A

Mass per unit volume

28
Q

The crust is composed of ______.

A

Silicate materials

29
Q

The mantle is composed of _______.

A

High-density iron and magnesium silicate rock

30
Q

The core is composed of _______.

A

Iron and nickel

31
Q

The lithosphere is:

A

Cool and rigid

32
Q

The asthenosphere is _____.

A

Plastic (high viscosity)

33
Q

The mesosphere is:

A

Rigid

34
Q

The outer core is:

A

Liquid

35
Q

The inner core is:

A

Rigid

36
Q

Basalt density:

A

3.0 grams per cubic centimeter

37
Q

Oceanic crust thickness:

A

8 kilometers

38
Q

Granite density:

A

2.7 grams per cubic centimeter

39
Q

Continental crust thickness:

A

35 kilometers

40
Q

Isostatic adjustment is the:

A

Vertical movement of crust

41
Q

A scientific study of the floor of the ocean, the water itself, physical processes such as waves, currents, and tides, and the organisms contained within the ocean

A

Oceanography

42
Q

A scientific field of study that incorporates two or more scientific disciplines

A

Interdisciplinary study

43
Q

A model that describes the formation of the solar system by contraction of a nebula:

A

Nebular hypothesis

44
Q

A layering based on density, where the highest density material occupies the lowest space:

A

Density stratification

Geology 104 (5 decks)

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