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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of the structure of the body parts and their relationships to one another

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2
Q

Physiology

A

Study of the function of the body parts; how they work to carry out life-sustaining activities

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3
Q

Cytology

A

Microscopic study of cells

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4
Q

Cell

A

The basic structural and functional unit of life

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5
Q

Histology

A

The microscopic study of tissues

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6
Q

Embryology

A

The study of the formation, growth, and development of embryo

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7
Q

Gross/Macroscopic Anatomy

A

The study of large, visible structures

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8
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

The study of structures too small to see with the naked eye

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9
Q

Situs Invertus

A

Organs flipped across the y-axis, topsy turvy scans, #1 cause of doubt among CT scans

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10
Q

Situs Solitus

A

Organs in their “normal” anatomical positions

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11
Q

4 Types of Tissues

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Neural

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12
Q

3 Types of Muscle Tissue

A

Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth

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13
Q

Embryo

A

Cell basis of fetus - from conception to week 8

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14
Q

Principle of Complementarity

A

No system works in isolation, all organ systems are connected and necessary for normal function (homeostasis)

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15
Q

Levels of Structural Organization - Complex to Simple

A

Organism, Organ System, Organ, Tissue, Cell, Chemical

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16
Q

Levels of Structural Organization - Simple to Complex

A

Chemical, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism

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17
Q

Organ Systems - 11 in Total

A

Muscular, Urinary, Respiratory, Digestive, Endocrine, Reproductive, Skeletal, Lymphatic, Integumentary, Nervous, Cardiovascular
MURDERS LINC

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18
Q

Integumentary System

A

Composed of skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails
External covering
Protects deep tissues
Synthesizes vitamin D

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19
Q

Skeletal System

A

Composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments
Protects and supports organs
Provides framework for muscles
Site of blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
Stores minerals

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20
Q

Muscular System

A

Composed of muscles and tendons
Movement and facial expression
Maintains posture
Produces heat

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21
Q

Nervous System

A

Composed of brain, spinal column, and nerves
Activates bodily responses
Fast acting control system

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22
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

Composed of heart and blood vessels
Heart pumps blood
Blood vessels transport blood

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23
Q

Endocrine System

A

Composed of pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovary and testis
Glands secrete hormones
Regulates growth, reproduction, and metabolism

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24
Q

Lymphatic System

A

Composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels
Returns fluid to blood
Defends against pathogens
Houses WBCs involved in immunity

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25
Q

Respiratory System

A

Composed of nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
Supplies blood with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

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26
Q

Digestive System

A

Composed of oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, liver, small and large intestine, rectum, and anus.
Breaks down food into nutrients
Eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces

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27
Q

Urinary System

A

Composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
Removes nitrogenous waste products
Regulates water, electrolyte and pH balance of blood

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28
Q

Reproductive System (Male)

A

Composed of prostate, penis, testes, scrotum, and vas deferens
Main function is production of offspring
Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones
Delivers sperm to the female reproductive tract

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29
Q

Reproductive System (Female)

A

Composed of mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
Main function is reproduction of offspring
Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones
Site of fertilization and development of fetus
Mammary glands produce milk for newborn

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30
Q

Necessary Human Life Functions

A

Organization, Maintaining boundaries, Metabolism, Responsiveness, Movement, Development, Growth, Reproduction

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31
Q

Necessary Life Function: Organization

A

Chemicals - Cells - Tissues - Organs - Organ Systems - Organism

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32
Q

Necessary Life Function: Maintains Boundaries

A

Plasma membrane separates cells
Skin separates organism from environment

33
Q

Necessary Life Function: Metabolism

A

All of chemical reactions that occur in the body
Two forms - Catabolism and Anabolism
Catabolism breaks down molecules - releases energy (ATP)
Anabolism synthesizes molecules - requires energy (ATP)

34
Q

Necessary Life Function: Responsiveness

A

Ability to sense and adjust to stimuli

35
Q

Necessary Life Function: Movement (3 uses for muscle types)

A

Muscles allow for movement
Skeletal muscles - Attached to bone by tendons; voluntary movement by use of flexors and extensors
Cardiac Muscles - striated muscle that forms the wall of the heart
Smooth muscles - act on the lining of passageways and internal organs

36
Q

Necessary Life Function: Development

A

Changes that occur throughout life
Differentiation

37
Q

Necessary Life Function: Growth

A

Increase in body size

38
Q

Necessary Life Function: Reproduction

A

Cellular level - cell division and nuclear division (mitosis) for growth and/or repair
Organismal level - Reproduction of offspring

39
Q

Requirements for Human Life

A

Oxygen, Nutrients, Water, Normal Body Temperature, Appropriate Atmospheric Pressure

40
Q

Requirements for Human Life: Oxygen

A

Essential for release of energy from foods
The body can survive only a few minutes without oxygen
Atmospheric air - roughly 20% oxygen

41
Q

Requirements for Human Life: Nutrients

A

Chemicals for energy and cell building
Carbohydrates: Major source of energy
Proteins: Needed for cell building and cell chemistry
Fats: Long-term energy storage
Minerals and Vitamins: Involved in chemical reactions as well as for structural purposes

42
Q

Requirements for Human Life: Water

A

Most abundant chemical in body - Approx 70% body mass
Provides the watery environment needed for chemical reactions
Also is fluid base for secretions and excretions

43
Q

Requirements for Human Life: Normal body temperature

A

Narrow range of body temp falls below or goes above 37 degrees Celsius or 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit, rates of chemical reactions are affected

44
Q

Requirements for Human Life: Appropriate Atmospheric Pressure

A

Specific pressure of air is needed for adequate breathing and gas exchange in lungs

45
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintaining relatively stable internal conditions despite the ever-changing external environment.
Dynamic state of equilibrium, always readjusting as needed
Maintained by contributions of all organ systems
Set point - the value around which the normal range fluctuates

46
Q

3 Major Components of Homeostasis

A

Sensor (Receptor) - monitors and responds to stimuli
Control Center - determines the set point - receives information from the receptor
Effector - receives information from the control center - causes a change to return the values back to the normal range

47
Q

Nickname of Spleen

A

The Graveyard of Red Blood Cells

48
Q

Homeostatic Controls: Negative Feedback Loop

A

A stimulus, a deviation from a set point, is resisted through a physiological process that returns the body to homeostasis
Response reduces or shuts off original stimulus
Most - used feedback mechanism in the body

49
Q

Examples of Negative Feedback Loop

A

Regulation of body temperature - body temperature rises above set point, nerve cells in skin and brain send signal to temperature regulatory center in brain, brain signals sweat glands throughout body

Regulation of blood glucose by insulin - blood glucose level rises after eating, pancreas releases insulin, body cells take up more glucose, blood glucose level returns to set point

50
Q

Positive Feedback Mechanism (Loop)

A

Exaggerates a change in the original stimulus until reaching a set point - Ex. Childbirth and Blood clotting

51
Q

Homeostatic Imbalance

A

Disease, Disorder, Dysfunction, and Death.
Increased risk of Disease, Increased changes associated with aging

52
Q

Anatomical Position

A

Body standing upright, feet slightly apart, arms at the side, palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from body

53
Q

Anterior

A

Towards the front of the body, Ventral

54
Q

Posterior

A

Towards the back of the body, Dorsal

55
Q

Ventral

A

Towards the front of the body, Anterior

56
Q

Dorsal

A

Towards the back of the body, Posterior

57
Q

Superior

A

Towards the head of the body

58
Q

Inferior

A

Towards the bottom of the body, feet

59
Q

Medial

A

Towards the mid-line of the body, central

60
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the mid-line of the body

61
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to the body trunk, used in limb comparison. The elbow is proximal to the hands.

62
Q

Distal

A

Further from the body trunk, feet are distal to the knee.

63
Q

Superficial

A

Towards the skin, near the outside of the body

64
Q

Deep

A

Towards the center of the body, centermost from the skin.

65
Q

Axial

A

Refers to the Skull, Spinal Column, and trunk

66
Q

Appendicular

A

Refers to the limbs, non-required pieces

67
Q

Planes of the Body

A

Sagittal, Frontal (Coronal), and Transverse

68
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

Divides body vertically between right and left, directly down the midline

69
Q

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

A

Divides the body between anterior and posterior

70
Q

Transverse Plane

A

Divides the body horizontally between superior and inferior

71
Q

Two Sets of Body Cavities

A

Dorsal and Ventral

72
Q

Dorsal Body Cavity (Posterior cavity)

A

Contains Cranial cavity and Spinal cavity (Brain and Spinal Column)

73
Q

Ventral Cavity (Anterior cavity)

A

Thoracic cavity and Abdominopelvic cavity, separated by the diaphragm. Abdominopelvic cavity - Abdominal and Pelvic cavity combined

74
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Mediastinum, Pleural cavity, Pericardial cavity (within the mediastinum)

75
Q

Viscera

A

The internal organs located in the ventral body cavity

76
Q

Serosa (AKA Serous Membrane)

A

Thin, double-layered membrane that cover surfaces in ventral body cavity, broken into Parietal serosa and Visceral serosa, Serous fluid is secreted by both membranes and contained between them, reducing friction between the membranes.

77
Q

Parietal serosa

A

Covers the internal body cavity walls

78
Q

Visceral serosa

A

Covers internal organs

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (3 decks)

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