Chapter 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
The study of the structure of the body parts and their relationships to one another
Physiology
Study of the function of the body parts; how they work to carry out life-sustaining activities
Cytology
Microscopic study of cells
Cell
The basic structural and functional unit of life
Histology
The microscopic study of tissues
Embryology
The study of the formation, growth, and development of embryo
Gross/Macroscopic Anatomy
The study of large, visible structures
Microscopic Anatomy
The study of structures too small to see with the naked eye
Situs Invertus
Organs flipped across the y-axis, topsy turvy scans, #1 cause of doubt among CT scans
Situs Solitus
Organs in their “normal” anatomical positions
4 Types of Tissues
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Neural
3 Types of Muscle Tissue
Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth
Embryo
Cell basis of fetus - from conception to week 8
Principle of Complementarity
No system works in isolation, all organ systems are connected and necessary for normal function (homeostasis)
Levels of Structural Organization - Complex to Simple
Organism, Organ System, Organ, Tissue, Cell, Chemical
Levels of Structural Organization - Simple to Complex
Chemical, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism
Organ Systems - 11 in Total
Muscular, Urinary, Respiratory, Digestive, Endocrine, Reproductive, Skeletal, Lymphatic, Integumentary, Nervous, Cardiovascular
MURDERS LINC
Integumentary System
Composed of skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails
External covering
Protects deep tissues
Synthesizes vitamin D
Skeletal System
Composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments
Protects and supports organs
Provides framework for muscles
Site of blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
Stores minerals
Muscular System
Composed of muscles and tendons
Movement and facial expression
Maintains posture
Produces heat
Nervous System
Composed of brain, spinal column, and nerves
Activates bodily responses
Fast acting control system
Cardiovascular System
Composed of heart and blood vessels
Heart pumps blood
Blood vessels transport blood
Endocrine System
Composed of pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovary and testis
Glands secrete hormones
Regulates growth, reproduction, and metabolism
Lymphatic System
Composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels
Returns fluid to blood
Defends against pathogens
Houses WBCs involved in immunity
Respiratory System
Composed of nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
Supplies blood with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
Digestive System
Composed of oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, liver, small and large intestine, rectum, and anus.
Breaks down food into nutrients
Eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces
Urinary System
Composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
Removes nitrogenous waste products
Regulates water, electrolyte and pH balance of blood
Reproductive System (Male)
Composed of prostate, penis, testes, scrotum, and vas deferens
Main function is production of offspring
Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones
Delivers sperm to the female reproductive tract
Reproductive System (Female)
Composed of mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
Main function is reproduction of offspring
Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones
Site of fertilization and development of fetus
Mammary glands produce milk for newborn
Necessary Human Life Functions
Organization, Maintaining boundaries, Metabolism, Responsiveness, Movement, Development, Growth, Reproduction
Necessary Life Function: Organization
Chemicals - Cells - Tissues - Organs - Organ Systems - Organism
Necessary Life Function: Maintains Boundaries
Plasma membrane separates cells
Skin separates organism from environment
Necessary Life Function: Metabolism
All of chemical reactions that occur in the body
Two forms - Catabolism and Anabolism
Catabolism breaks down molecules - releases energy (ATP)
Anabolism synthesizes molecules - requires energy (ATP)
Necessary Life Function: Responsiveness
Ability to sense and adjust to stimuli
Necessary Life Function: Movement (3 uses for muscle types)
Muscles allow for movement
Skeletal muscles - Attached to bone by tendons; voluntary movement by use of flexors and extensors
Cardiac Muscles - striated muscle that forms the wall of the heart
Smooth muscles - act on the lining of passageways and internal organs
Necessary Life Function: Development
Changes that occur throughout life
Differentiation
Necessary Life Function: Growth
Increase in body size
Necessary Life Function: Reproduction
Cellular level - cell division and nuclear division (mitosis) for growth and/or repair
Organismal level - Reproduction of offspring
Requirements for Human Life
Oxygen, Nutrients, Water, Normal Body Temperature, Appropriate Atmospheric Pressure
Requirements for Human Life: Oxygen
Essential for release of energy from foods
The body can survive only a few minutes without oxygen
Atmospheric air - roughly 20% oxygen
Requirements for Human Life: Nutrients
Chemicals for energy and cell building
Carbohydrates: Major source of energy
Proteins: Needed for cell building and cell chemistry
Fats: Long-term energy storage
Minerals and Vitamins: Involved in chemical reactions as well as for structural purposes
Requirements for Human Life: Water
Most abundant chemical in body - Approx 70% body mass
Provides the watery environment needed for chemical reactions
Also is fluid base for secretions and excretions
Requirements for Human Life: Normal body temperature
Narrow range of body temp falls below or goes above 37 degrees Celsius or 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit, rates of chemical reactions are affected
Requirements for Human Life: Appropriate Atmospheric Pressure
Specific pressure of air is needed for adequate breathing and gas exchange in lungs
Homeostasis
Maintaining relatively stable internal conditions despite the ever-changing external environment.
Dynamic state of equilibrium, always readjusting as needed
Maintained by contributions of all organ systems
Set point - the value around which the normal range fluctuates
3 Major Components of Homeostasis
Sensor (Receptor) - monitors and responds to stimuli
Control Center - determines the set point - receives information from the receptor
Effector - receives information from the control center - causes a change to return the values back to the normal range
Nickname of Spleen
The Graveyard of Red Blood Cells
Homeostatic Controls: Negative Feedback Loop
A stimulus, a deviation from a set point, is resisted through a physiological process that returns the body to homeostasis
Response reduces or shuts off original stimulus
Most - used feedback mechanism in the body
Examples of Negative Feedback Loop
Regulation of body temperature - body temperature rises above set point, nerve cells in skin and brain send signal to temperature regulatory center in brain, brain signals sweat glands throughout body
Regulation of blood glucose by insulin - blood glucose level rises after eating, pancreas releases insulin, body cells take up more glucose, blood glucose level returns to set point
Positive Feedback Mechanism (Loop)
Exaggerates a change in the original stimulus until reaching a set point - Ex. Childbirth and Blood clotting
Homeostatic Imbalance
Disease, Disorder, Dysfunction, and Death.
Increased risk of Disease, Increased changes associated with aging
Anatomical Position
Body standing upright, feet slightly apart, arms at the side, palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from body
Anterior
Towards the front of the body, Ventral
Posterior
Towards the back of the body, Dorsal
Ventral
Towards the front of the body, Anterior
Dorsal
Towards the back of the body, Posterior
Superior
Towards the head of the body
Inferior
Towards the bottom of the body, feet
Medial
Towards the mid-line of the body, central
Lateral
Away from the mid-line of the body
Proximal
Closer to the body trunk, used in limb comparison. The elbow is proximal to the hands.
Distal
Further from the body trunk, feet are distal to the knee.
Superficial
Towards the skin, near the outside of the body
Deep
Towards the center of the body, centermost from the skin.
Axial
Refers to the Skull, Spinal Column, and trunk
Appendicular
Refers to the limbs, non-required pieces
Planes of the Body
Sagittal, Frontal (Coronal), and Transverse
Sagittal Plane
Divides body vertically between right and left, directly down the midline
Frontal (Coronal) Plane
Divides the body between anterior and posterior
Transverse Plane
Divides the body horizontally between superior and inferior
Two Sets of Body Cavities
Dorsal and Ventral
Dorsal Body Cavity (Posterior cavity)
Contains Cranial cavity and Spinal cavity (Brain and Spinal Column)
Ventral Cavity (Anterior cavity)
Thoracic cavity and Abdominopelvic cavity, separated by the diaphragm. Abdominopelvic cavity - Abdominal and Pelvic cavity combined
Thoracic cavity
Mediastinum, Pleural cavity, Pericardial cavity (within the mediastinum)
Viscera
The internal organs located in the ventral body cavity
Serosa (AKA Serous Membrane)
Thin, double-layered membrane that cover surfaces in ventral body cavity, broken into Parietal serosa and Visceral serosa, Serous fluid is secreted by both membranes and contained between them, reducing friction between the membranes.
Parietal serosa
Covers the internal body cavity walls
Visceral serosa
Covers internal organs
