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Nutrition For Life > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is nutrition?

A

The science that studies food, how food nourishes the body and influence our health.

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2
Q

What is nutrition science?

A

Factors that influence eating patterns, the recommended amount to eat, and address food safety and global food supply.

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3
Q

What does nutrition supports?

A

Health and wellness

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4
Q

What is wellness?

A

A life long process of physical, emotional, spiritual health, social health, occupational.

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5
Q

What influence physical health?

A

Nutrition and physical activity.

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6
Q

Describe how proper nutrition is important.

A

Impacts wellness, physical activities, health, eating patterns.

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7
Q

What are four diseases associated with poor nutrition?

A

Diabetes, stroke, some forms of cancer, and heart disease.

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8
Q

What are nutrients?

A

Chemicals that are found in food or beverages that are critical for human growth and functioning.

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9
Q

What are the six groups of nutrients?

A

Carbohydrates, fats, protein, vitamins, minerals, and water.

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10
Q

What do carbohydrates, fats, and proteins have in common?

A

The only nutrients that provides energy in foods.

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11
Q

What are macronutrients?

A

Nutrients that produce energy to maintain the body’s structure and systems.

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12
Q

Name three types of macronutrients?

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

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13
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

nutrients that fuel the brain.

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14
Q

What is protein?

A

It grow, build, and repair tissue, and protect muscles mass.

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15
Q

What is fat?

A

Store energy, cushion for organs, make hormones, absorb fat soluble vitamins, and assist cell membranes.

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16
Q

Name three types of Fat.

A

Trans fat, saturated fat, and unsaturated fat.

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17
Q

What are vitamins?

A

Carbons that assist with regulating the processes of the human body.

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18
Q

What 5 roles does vitamins play in this human body?

A

Build and maintain healthy bones, blood, muscle tissue, maintain vision, and supports the immune system to fight off diseases.

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19
Q

State the two groups of vitamins.

A

Water soluble and fat soluble.

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20
Q

What are minerals?

A

Chemical elements that assist the body with developing and functioning.

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21
Q

What is water?

A

A nutrient that is vital for survival.

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22
Q

What is a healthful diet?

A

Provides nutrients and energy.

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23
Q

What are the characteristics of a healthful diet?

A

Adequate, moderate, balanced, and varied.

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24
Q

What cause people to seek food?

A

Hunger and appetite.

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25
Q

What is the difference between hunger and appetite?

A

Hunger is a desire that occurs when the body sense it needs to eat, and appetite is a desire for specific foods.

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26
Q

What organ cause the body to seek food?

A

The brain

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27
Q

What part of the brain cause the body to feel hungry?

A

Hypothalamus.

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28
Q

What are hormones?

A

Several glands that release chemicals into the bloodstream.

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29
Q

What two hormones communicates from both stomach and small intestine to the brain when the body is hungry?

A

Insulin and glucose.

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30
Q

Name four environmental factors influence appetite?

A

Sensory data, social, culture cues, and learning.

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31
Q

Define metabolism.

A

A chemical reactions that change food into energy.

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32
Q

What are cells?

A

Small units of matter.

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33
Q

What is digestion

A

The process of foods broken down into mechanically molecules or chemical molecules.

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34
Q

Define absorption?

A

The process of digested foods that travel through the intestine wall.

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35
Q

What is elimination?

A

The elimination of food and waste from the body

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36
Q

Where does the elimination of food occurs I the body?

A

The GI tract.

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37
Q

What are sphincters?

A

Tight muscle rings that opens when food is ready to past into the next section.

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38
Q

What are accessory organs?

A

Four organs that assist the process of digestion.

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39
Q

Where is the salivary gland?

A

Behind the tongue and beneath the jaw.

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40
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins that induce chemical changes to speed up the body process.

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41
Q

Define esophagus.

A

A tube that pushes food towards the stomach.

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42
Q

Define the stomach

A

An organ that expand in some people to hold several cups of food.

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43
Q

What are food intolerance symptoms and why?

A

Gas, pain, and diarrhea from offending foods.

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44
Q

What are food allergies?

A

When the immune system over reacts to food that contain proteins.

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45
Q

Define Celiac disease.

A

An immune disease that damages the lining of the small intestine by interfering with the absorption of nutrients.

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46
Q

What are simple carbohydrates?

A

Consist of six Sugars.

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47
Q

What is fructose?

A

Natural sugars that are found in fruit.

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48
Q

What is sucrose?

A

A sugar that is sweeter because it contains lactose and maltose

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49
Q

What is lactose?

A

Milk sugar

50
Q

What is glucose?

A

Abundant sugar that gives the brain and cells energy.

51
Q

What is starch?

A

A molecules that bonded together that’s stored in plants.

52
Q

What is fiber?

A

A part of carbohydrate plants that not digestible.

53
Q

What is the difference between dietary fiber and functional fiber?

A

Dietary fiber are naturally in foods, and functional fiber is added from manufactures or from supplements.

54
Q

What is total fiber?

A

Foods that contains both dietary fiber and functional fiber.

55
Q

What’s the difference between soluble and insoluble fiber?

A

Soluble fibers dissolve in water and are easily digested, and insoluble fiber does not dissolve in water and is not digested easily,

56
Q

What breaks down protein?

A

Gluconeogenesis

57
Q

What does the salivary amylase do?

A

Breaks starch down into smaller particles.

58
Q

What does the pancreatic amylase do?

A

The pancreas release enzymes into the small intestine.

59
Q

What does insulin do to the body?

A

It increases the movement of glucose from the inside of the cell to the cell membrane.

60
Q

What role does glucagon play in the human body?

A

It coverts stored glycogen into glucose and transported to the cells for energy.

61
Q

What cause hypoglycemia?

A

Excessive production of insulin.

62
Q

What is the difference between glycemic index and glycemic load?

A

Glycemic index raises blood glucose and insulin levels, and the glycemic load are carbohydrates that are multiplied by glycemic index number.

63
Q

Why do carbohydrates cause cavities and gum diseases?

A

Because carbohydrates produce acids that destroy tissues.

64
Q

High sugar intake cause what two diseases?

A

Diabetes and obesity

65
Q

What are the three added sugars?

A

Sucrose, high-fructose corn syrup, added sugars, and syrups.

66
Q

What do whole grain products consist of and or provides?

A

Lower glycemic index and provides more fiber.

67
Q

When increasing your fiber intake why is it important to drink more water?

A

Because it soften stools.

68
Q

Name 4 nutritive sweeteners?

A

Sucrose, fructose, honey and brown sugar

69
Q

Products that provide little to no energy are called…

A

Non-nutritive or alternative sweetness.

70
Q

What does (ADI) stand for?

A

Acceptable Daily Intake.

71
Q

What are (ADI) Acceptable Daily Intakes?

A

The amount of sugar a person can consume over the duration of a life time without adverse effects.

72
Q

Define diabetes?

A

When the body can no longer regulate glucose.

73
Q

Whats the difference between type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes?

A

Type 1:When the pancreas produce little to no insulin.

Type 2: when body cells are resistant or less responsive to insulin.

74
Q

What is pre diabetes also known as impaired fasting glucose?

A

When insulin levels are higher than normal but not high enough for a diagnosis of diabetes type 2

75
Q

How can type 2 diabetes be treated?

A

Losing weight, establishing healthy eating patterns, and exercising regularly.

76
Q

What type of food should people with diabetes eat and why?

A

More fat or protein to regulate their glucose levels.

77
Q

What trigger type 2 diabetes?

A

Obesity.

78
Q

What are fats?

A

A form of a large and diverse group of lipids

79
Q

What are lipids?

A

Organic compounds that do not dissolve in water.

80
Q

What are lipid found?

A

In living things such as plants, animals, and humans.

81
Q

Why are trans fats harmful to human’s health?

A

Because trans fats change the way cell membranes function and reduce the removal of cholesterol from the blood.

82
Q

What are essential fatty acids?

A

Two groups of polyunsaturated fatty acids

83
Q

The body cannot make polyunsaturated fatty acids and must be consumed in people diet. True or False.

A

True.

84
Q

What is Linoleic acid?

A

A type of omega-6 fatty acid.

85
Q

What is sterol?

A

A ring structure lipid that’s found in the body and foods.

86
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

Lipids that contain multiple ring structures.

87
Q

Name 3 fatty parts of animal products that contain cholesterol?

A

Egg yolks, meats, and dairy products.

88
Q

What is hydrogenation?

A

It straightens out fatty acid chains of vegetable oils.

89
Q

What does hydrogenation do?

A

It makes liquid fat more solid and saturated at room temperature.

90
Q

How to determine if margarine butter is free of trans fatty acids on its label?

A

When label has partially no hydrogenated oil.

91
Q

Dietary fat provides energy and helps the body perform essential functions. True or False.

A

True.

92
Q

What protects the organs when some one falls or are bruised?

A

Adipose tissue.

93
Q

List five functions of fat.

A
  1. ) Fats provide energy
  2. ) Store energy for later use
  3. ) Enable the transport of fat-soluble vitamins
  4. ) Support body functions and structures
  5. ) Contribute to flavor, texture, and satiety of foods.
94
Q

What can’t fat enter the blood stream?

A

Because fats are not soluble in water.

95
Q

What happens to the fat humans eat?

A

Fats are digested, transported, and absorbed into the body.

96
Q

Where is access fat stored?

A

In the adipose tissue.

97
Q

What’s the difference between visible fats and invisible fats?

A

Visible fats are food we add intentionally, and invisible fats are hidden in food.

98
Q

What is cardiovascular disease?

A

Any abnormal condition that cause a dysfunction of the heart.

99
Q

How does coronary heart disease occur?

A

When blood vessels are blocked from supplying the heart with blood, oxygen, and nutrients.

100
Q

What cause a stroke?

A

When blood vessels in the brain rupture or are blocked from supplying the brain with oxygen and nutrients.

101
Q

What is high blood pressure aka hypertension?

A

The blood flow through arteries is above normal.

102
Q

What happens if a person blood pressure is to high?

A

May have a heart attack or stroke.

103
Q

Name three ways to avoid heart disease.

A
  1. ) Avoid high fat animal products
  2. ) Avoid foods that contain vegetable shortening
  3. ) Avoid hydrogenated oils
104
Q

Name ways to reduce chances of cardiovascular disease.

A
  1. ) Maintain a healthy body weight.

2. ) Avoid tobacco.

105
Q

What are proteins?

A

Complex molecules found in the cells of all living things.

106
Q

What’s the difference between protein and other macronutrients?

A

Protein contains nitrogen for the body important processes.

107
Q

What is glucagon?

A

A protein that regulate blood glucose levels.

108
Q

What is the difference between essential amino acids and nonessential amino acids?

A

Essential amino acids are: Amino acids the body cannot produce and must be obtain from food.

Nonessential amino acids: amino acids the body makes and do not need to be consumed by food.

109
Q

How do the body make nonessential amino acids?

A

By combining different amino acids and the breakdown products of carbohydrates and fats.

110
Q

What do protein and carbohydrate have in common?

A

They both contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

111
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

Polypeptide

112
Q

What are polypeptides?

A

Chains of ten or more linked together by peptide bonds.

113
Q

What is the difference between incomplete proteins and complete proteins?

A

Incomplete proteins do not contain essential amino acids

Complete acids contains all essential amino acids.

114
Q

What’s the difference between mutual supplementation and complementary proteins?

A

Mutual combines two or more incomplete protein source to complete protein.

After complementary proteins are combined it provides all nine essential amino acids.

115
Q

How many essential amino acids a complete protein provides?

A

Nine.

116
Q

Identify at least four functions of protein in the body.

A
  1. ) Proteins contribute to cell growth, repair and maintenance.
  2. ) Proteins act as enzymes and hormones.
  3. ) Proteins helps maintain fluid and electrolyte balance.
  4. ) Protein transport nutrients and other substance.
117
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Proteins that defend the body against foreign substances.

118
Q

What is the body primary source of energy?

A

Carbohydrate and fat.

119
Q

Describe two disorders related to inadequate protein intake.

A

Kwashiorkor and Marasmus.

120
Q

What is vegetarianism?

A

The practice of eating vegetable, fruits, grains, and nuts.

121
Q

What are flexitarians?

A

People who eat plant based foods, but are flexible about eating meat occasionally.

122
Q

What are three reasons people become vegan?

A

Because of religion, ethical, and food safety reasons.

Nutrition For Life (5 decks)

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