chapter 1 Flashcards by JUNALIZA ARANGCON

right ventricle to left atrium

PULMONARY CIRCULATIO

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o oxygen-rich blood from lungs to the left atrium

• pulmonary veins

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from the systemic circulation, o right ventricle propels low-oxygen blood into lung

PULMONARY ARTEY

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 from left ventricle to right atrium

SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION

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final distributing vessels

* deliver oxygen-rich blood to capillaries

ARTERIOLES

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 Hardening and loss of elasticity of the arteries
 Associated with build-up of fat

Arteriosclerosis
Atheromatous plaque (atheroma)
Thrombosis

• Arteriosclerosis

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 Calcium deposit

Arteriosclerosis
Atheromatous plaque (atheroma)

Atheromatous plaque (atheroma)

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 intravascular clot which may occlude the artery
 Arterial narrowing

Arteriosclerosis
Atheromatous plaque (atheroma)
Thrombosis

Thrombosis

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 thin flattened luminae tunica media

blood towards the heart

vein

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• a dense layer with collagen fibers (produces a tough felt-like tissue) and elastic fibers (provide skin tone)

dermis

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bands of thin wrinkled skin, flexible meshwork of tisuue

STRETCH MARKS (striae gravidarum)

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most painfuel burn

damages nerve, epidermis and derms.

partial-thikness burn

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thickened deep fascia at wrist and ankle.

- Hold tendon

retinaculum

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• using a flexible fiber-optic device inserted into one of the body’s orifices or through a small surgical incision [“portal”] to examine internal structures, such as the interior of the stomach

Endoscopic techniques

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• prepared dissections.

Prosections

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sense of smell
olfactory organ

opthalmology

gustatory organ
otology

olfactory organ

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eye or visual system

olfactory organ

opthalmology

gustatory organ
otology

opthalmology

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sense of taste

olfactory organ
opthalmology
gustatory organ
otology

gustatory organ

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ear (sense of hearing and balance

olfactory organ
opthalmology
gustatory organ
otology

otology

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study of articular cartilage

angiology
gastroenterology
arthology
myology
urology

arthology

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study of alimentary / digestive system

angiology
gastroenterology
arthology
myology
urology

gastroenterology

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study of circulatory system

angiology
gastroenterology
arthology
myology
urology

angiology

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 vertical anteroposterior plane passing longitudinally through the midlines dividing it into equal right and left halves

median / median sagittal plane
o Sagittal planes (arrow)
o Frontal (coronal) planes
o Transverse planes (cross-sectional)

median / median sagittal plane

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 vertical planes passing parallel to the median plane.
 Into left and right side.

median / median sagittal plane
o Sagittal planes (arrow)
o Frontal (coronal) planes
o Transverse planes (cross-sectional)

o Sagittal planes (arrow)

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 divides organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.  Right angle median / median sagittal plane o Sagittal planes (arrow) o Frontal (coronal) planes o Transverse planes (cross-sectional)

o Frontal (coronal) planes

 horizontal planes  divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts. Cut slices at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the median / median sagittal plane

o Transverse (cross-sectional)

heart is __ to the liver

superior

Stomach is __ to the lungs

inferior

• the small bone at the inferior (caudal) end of the vertebral column

coccyx (tail bone)

Esophagus (food tube) is __ to the trachea anterior posterior

posterior / dorsal

The ulna is __ to radius

medial

o superior aspect of any part that protrudes anteriorly from the body, such as the dorsum of the tongue, nose, penis, or foot

dorsum

 the surface of the foot and toes corresponding to the sole plantar surface dorsal surface

plantar surface

 The surface of the hands, the feet, and the digits of both plantar surface dorsal surface

dorsal surface

The transverse colon is ___to the ascending and descending colon intermediate external internal

intermediate

the ribs are __ to the lungs intermediate external internal

external / superficial

The ribs are ___ to the skin of the chest and back. intermediate external internal

internal / deep

 flexion at the ankle joint  Ex: walking uphill or lifting the front of the foot and toes off the ground dorsiflexion plantarflexion extension

dorsiflexion

 bends the foot and toes toward the ground  Ex: standing on your toes dorsiflexion plantarflexion extension

plantarflexion

YOU'VE GOT THIS !

GO DOKTORA !

 so that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly and its dorsum faces anteriorly.  combination of eversion and abduction pronation supination

pronation

 palm faces superiorly  combination of inversion and adduction pronation supination

supination

in protruding / anterior the mandible (chin), lips, or tongue protrusion retrusion

protrusion

retruding / posterior the mandible, lips, or tongue. protrusion retrusion

retrusion

``` The humerus (arm bone) is __to the radius. o Nearer to the attachment. ``` proximal distal

proximal

The phalanges (finger bones) are __to the carpals (wrist bones). farther from attachement

distal

 flat opposed surfaces. • acromioclavicular joint example • proximal tibiofibular, intertarsal, intercarpal • intermetacarpal, carpometacarpal, sternoclavicular ``` plane joint o Hinge joints (ginglymus) o Condyloid joints (ellipsoidal) Ball and socket joints (spheroidal) o Pivot joints (trochoid) ```

Plane joint

```  Resemble door hinges  permit flexion and extension only  uniaxial joints (one plane) example: • Elbow joint • ankle, and interphalangeal joints. ``` ``` plane joint o Hinge joints (ginglymus) o Condyloid joints (ellipsoidal) Ball and socket joints (spheroidal) o Pivot joints (trochoid) ```

o Hinge joints (ginglymus)

```  2 concave and 2 convex condyles  Example: o metacarpophalangeal joints (knuckle joints) thumb metacarpal bone & wrist carpal bone (trapezium carpal) ``` ``` plane joint o Hinge joints (ginglymus) o Condyloid joints (ellipsoidal) Ball and socket joints (spheroidal) o Pivot joints (trochoid) ```

o Condyloid joints (ellipsoidal) / | saddle example bone & wrist carpal bone trapezium carpal

 multiaxial joints (multiple axes and planes)  Ex: • Hip joint • shoulder ``` plane joint o Hinge joints (ginglymus) o Condyloid joints (ellipsoidal) Ball and socket joints (spheroidal) o Pivot joints (trochoid) ```

o Ball and socket joints (spheroidal)

 Permit rotation around a central axis (UNIAXIAL) in a ring  Location: o superior and inferior radioulnar joints o atlantoaxial joint

o Pivot joints (trochoid) o (C1 vertebra) “atlas” rotates around a finger-like process o (C2 vertebra) “dense of the axis” during rotation of the head.

``` side notes: Synovial joints (diarthrodial)  fibrous joints (synarthroses) translation ; cytoplasm -the formation of a polypeptide chain (protein) from a mRNA molecule. ``` transCRIPTION - nucleus -containing the instructions for a particular proteins is exposed and a mRNA is built by matching the bases to the DNA (mRNA is made from DNA)

side notes: mRNA; TransCRIPT and read 3 CODONS CODON -three nucleotide base sequence of mRNA corresponding to a particular amino acid

 PARTIALLY MOVABLE FIBROUS JOINT syndesmoses snchondrosis

o Syndesmosis | FIBROUS JOINT

 CARTILAGINOUS JOINT united by hyaline cartilage  permit growth in the length of a bone and slight bending during early life PRIMARY cartilaginous joint o Synchondroses Sympheses

o Synchondroses | CARTILAGINOUS JOINT

TAKE A PAUSE BUT NEVER GIVE UP !

HELP YOURSELF.

* Degenerative joint disease. * stiffness, discomfort, and pain o Osteoarthritis o arthritis

o Osteoarthritis

the bones of the calvaria (skullcap) of a newborn infant’s cranium

- Fontanellea

* inflammation of a joint * autoimmune disease o arthritis Osteoarthritis

o arthritis - septicemia is a blood poisoning

* networks of lymphatic capillaries * can readily enter lymphatic capillaries. o Lymphatic plexuses thoracic duct

o Lymphatic plexuses | BEADED APPEARANCE

* drains lymph from the other quadrant (except RUQ) of the body * left venous angle Lymphatic plexuses thoracic duct

thoracic duct

* small masses of lymphatic tissue * which lymph is filtered Lymph nodes  Visceral lymphatics

Lymph nodes

o Conveys chyle (juice, milky fluid) Lymph nodes  Visceral lymphatics

 Visceral lymphatics

 lymph does not drain o Lymphedema o Lymphangitis and lymphadenitis

o Lymphedema

o red streaks in the skin, and the nodes o may lead to septicemia (blood poisoning) o Lymphangitis and lymphadenitis o Lymphedema

o Lymphangitis and lymphadenitis | secondary infection

•route for CARCInoma to METASTASIZE (epithelial tumor) o Lymphogenous spread (via lymphatic vessels) o Hematogenous spread (via blood vessels)

o Lymphogenous spread (via lymphatic vessels)

* For SARCOMA (connective tissue cancers) * Secondary sarcoma in liver and lungs o Lymphogenous spread (via lymphatic vessels) o Hematogenous spread (via blood vessels)

o Hematogenous spread (via blood vessels)

• Encloses skeletal muscle EPImysium ENDOmysium PERImysium

EPImysium

• Encloses each muscle fiber EPImysium ENDOmysium PERImysium

ENDOmysium

• Surrounds bundles of muscle fibers EPImysium ENDOmysium PERImysium

o Perimysium

• Anchors muscle to the skeleton / deep fascia (latissimus dorsi muscle of the back)

 Aponeuroses (flat sheet)

 muscle changes length isoTONIC isoMETRIC

isotonic -concentric o muscle shortening ex: abduction. lifting cup ``` -eccentric controlled lengthening (relaxation) ``` ex: ADDuction

* muscle length remains the same * Force (muscle tension) is increased isoTONIC isoMETRIC

isoMETRIC

 have parallel fibers with an aponeurosis example: external oblique (broad flat muscle) • sartorius

flat muscle

BE MOTIVATED !

KAPOYON LANG PERO DILI MUUNDANG !

 feather-like fascicles -• extensor digitorum longus (unipennate) • rectus femoris (bipennate) • deltoid (multipennate) a. flat muscle b. pennate muscle c. fusiform muscle

PENNATE muscle ex: extensor digitorum longus (unipennate) • rectus femoris (bipennate) • deltoid (multipennate)

spindle shaped with a round, thick belly (or bellies) and tapered ends : • biceps brachii a. flat muscle b. pennate muscle c. fusiform muscle

FUSIFORM muscle ex: biceps brachii • Convergent muscles (forms single tendon) pectoralis major

muscle’s pull is exerted along a line that parallels the axis of the bones to which it is attached shunt muscle spurt muscle

shunt muscle spurt - pull is oriented to the bone it moves

 fibrous bands |  connect muscles to bones or cartilage.

tendon

 bones to bones |  folds of peritoneum

ligament

bones, necks, trunk axial or appendicular skeleton ?

axial appendicular - Bones - Pectoral - Pelvic

o sensitive to tearing or tension | o surrounds each skeletal element like a sleeve

periOSTEUM

o Cuboidal o ONLY in tarsus (ankle) and carpus (wrist) o spongy and marrow SHORT BONE FLAT BONES Sesamoid

SHORT BONE

o serve protective functions o 2 layers of compact bone in spongy and marrow o Ex:  flat bones of the cranium protect the brain.  Ribs  Sternum  scapulae

FLAT BONE

o protects the TENDON from excessive wear o Ex:  patella or knee cap.  wrist

SESAMOID LONG BONES o Develop by replacement of hyaline cartilage plate (endochondral ossification )

knuckle-like articular area, often occurring in pairs

CONDYLE

no movement = fibrous connective tissue Synarthrosis Amphiarthrosis Diarthrosis

Synarthrosis

some movement = cartilaginous = no joint cavity (pubic) Synarthrosis Amphiarthrosis Diarthrosis

Amphiarthrosis

freely moveable = joint cavity & joint capsule Synarthrosis Amphiarthrosis Diarthrosis

Diarthrosis

noncellular, adhesive that provides barrier that restricts movement of proteins and other large molecules from underlying connective tissue a. basal lamina b. basement membrane

basal lamina

the secretion is released from secretory vesicle via exocytosis. merocrine gland apocrine holocrine

merocrine gland

cells lose some cytoplasm as well as secretory product; apical portion of cytoplasm packed with vesicles and is shed merocrine gland apocrine holocrine

apocrine gland

the entire cell packed with secretory product and cell bursts open. merocrine gland apocrine holocrine

holocrine gland

used site for harvesting bone marrow

STERNUM

 disorders of epiphyses in children result from avascular necrosis of unknown etiology (cause) -osteochondrosis Osteomalacia

- osteochondrosis

-  gradual softening of the bone due to ack of vitamin D or renal tubular dysfunction - Osteomalacia - Osteoporosis

- Osteomalacia

 Decreased bone mass due to defective resportion of immature bone -Osteoporosis osteochondrosis

- Osteoporosis

 decreased calcification of bone or a reduced bone mass due to an inadequate osteoid synthesis OSTEOPENIA osteochondrosis

OSTEOPENIA

add ons:  Brain o Cortex as outer part in gray matter (nucleus) o Axon as inner in white matter with ventricles (filled with CSF)

NOTES: PNS (12 pairs of cranial nerve "except XI", 31 pairs spinal nerve "rootlets initially") o conduct impulses to or away from the CNS

o neuron cell bodies outside the CNS (muscles and glands) from neural crest.

ganglia

transmits sensations of touch, pain, temperature, and position from sensory receptors. -voluntary / SKELETAL MUSCLE

Somatic Nervous System ANS / visceral o INVOLUNTARY o Cardiac and glandular (secretory) cells

• a division that enables the body to deal with stresses, fight-or-flight response -catabolic sympathetic or PARAsympathetic?

 sympathetic (thoracolumbar) division -norepinephrine

* homeostatic or anabolic (energy-conserving) system * body wall, erectile tissue of genitelia and limbs sympathetic or PARAsympathetic?

 parasympathetic (craniosacral) division -acetylcholine

sides of Enteric nervous system

 Sclerotomes (MEDIAL)  Dermatomyotomes (LATERAL) -• gives rise to the skeletal muscles and dermis of the skin SMiLD (pneumonic)

o Caused by pressure on a nerve o Example:  pins-and-needles sensation that occurs when one sits too long with the legs crossed

paresthesia transient: • injection of anesthetic for dental repairs. saturday night syndrome: • Permanent paresthesia; may be temporary if ischemia is not too long

o damages or kills the axons o No surgical repair is needed due to REGENERATION of intact CT GUIDING THE GROWING AXON crushing or cutting nerve injury ?

crushing nerve injury

``` o Requires surgical intervention to realigned nerve bundles o Anterograde (wallerian) degeneration ``` crushing or cutting nerve injury ?

cutting nerve injury

o Dense substance (compact bone) result in Conventional (x-ray image) 1940

``` • Radiopaque o Most – compact o Spongy o Water and most tissues o Fat o Least - air ```

- beam of X-rays passes through the body AT MULTIPLE ANGLE

Computerized tomography (CT) RESULT: transverse section of the body) o Whole-body CT scanning  Targets the torso.  Best screening for lung cancers

- better for tissue differentiation without the use of ionizing radiation

MRI - result: o high proton (fat and water) emits more signal -two- or three-dimensional blueprint of cellular chemistry.

 Iodine containing contrast medium is injected into a vein and a beta-blocker is given to decrease heart rate. RESULT: three-dimensional image of the coronary blood vessels on a monitor.

CORONARY (CARDIAC) COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY (CCTA) SCAN

- balance in the body’s internal environment.

HOMEOSTASIS (sameness; standing still)

ulna is __ to radius. medial or latera ?

medial | -near to midline

 dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

diaphragm