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anatomy > chapter 1 > Flashcards

chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

right ventricle to left atrium

A

PULMONARY CIRCULATIO

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2
Q

o oxygen-rich blood from lungs to the left atrium

A

• pulmonary veins

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3
Q

from the systemic circulation, o right ventricle propels low-oxygen blood into lung

A

PULMONARY ARTEY

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4
Q

 from left ventricle to right atrium

A

SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION

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5
Q
  • final distributing vessels

* deliver oxygen-rich blood to capillaries

A

ARTERIOLES

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6
Q

 Hardening and loss of elasticity of the arteries
 Associated with build-up of fat

  • Arteriosclerosis
  • Atheromatous plaque (atheroma)
  • Thrombosis
A

• Arteriosclerosis

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7
Q

 Calcium deposit

  • Arteriosclerosis
  • Atheromatous plaque (atheroma)
A

Atheromatous plaque (atheroma)

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8
Q

 intravascular clot which may occlude the artery
 Arterial narrowing

  • Arteriosclerosis
  • Atheromatous plaque (atheroma)
  • Thrombosis
A

Thrombosis

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9
Q

 thin flattened luminae tunica media

blood towards the heart

A

vein

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10
Q

• a dense layer with collagen fibers (produces a tough felt-like tissue) and elastic fibers (provide skin tone)

A

dermis

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11
Q
  • bands of thin wrinkled skin, flexible meshwork of tisuue
A

STRETCH MARKS (striae gravidarum)

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12
Q

most painfuel burn

damages nerve, epidermis and derms.

A

partial-thikness burn

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13
Q
  • thickened deep fascia at wrist and ankle.

- Hold tendon

A

retinaculum

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14
Q

• using a flexible fiber-optic device inserted into one of the body’s orifices or through a small surgical incision [“portal”] to examine internal structures, such as the interior of the stomach

A

Endoscopic techniques

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15
Q

• prepared dissections.

A

Prosections

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16
Q

sense of smell
olfactory organ

opthalmology

gustatory organ
otology

A

olfactory organ

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17
Q

eye or visual system

olfactory organ

opthalmology

gustatory organ
otology

A

opthalmology

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18
Q

sense of taste

olfactory organ
opthalmology
gustatory organ
otology

A

gustatory organ

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19
Q

ear (sense of hearing and balance

olfactory organ
opthalmology
gustatory organ
otology

A

otology

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20
Q

study of articular cartilage

angiology
gastroenterology
arthology
myology
urology
A

arthology

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21
Q

study of alimentary / digestive system

angiology
gastroenterology
arthology
myology
urology
A

gastroenterology

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22
Q

study of circulatory system

angiology
gastroenterology
arthology
myology
urology
A

angiology

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23
Q

 vertical anteroposterior plane passing longitudinally through the midlines dividing it into equal right and left halves

median / median sagittal plane
o Sagittal planes (arrow)
o Frontal (coronal) planes
o Transverse planes (cross-sectional)

A

median / median sagittal plane

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24
Q

 vertical planes passing parallel to the median plane.
 Into left and right side.

median / median sagittal plane
o Sagittal planes (arrow)
o Frontal (coronal) planes
o Transverse planes (cross-sectional)

A

o Sagittal planes (arrow)

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25
Q

 divides organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
 Right angle

median / median sagittal plane
o Sagittal planes (arrow)
o Frontal (coronal) planes
o Transverse planes (cross-sectional)

A

o Frontal (coronal) planes

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26
Q

 horizontal planes
 divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts.

Cut slices at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the
median / median sagittal plane

A

o Transverse (cross-sectional)

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27
Q

heart is __ to the liver

A

superior

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28
Q

Stomach is __ to the lungs

A

inferior

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29
Q

• the small bone at the inferior (caudal) end of the vertebral column

A

coccyx (tail bone)

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30
Q

Esophagus (food tube) is __ to the trachea

anterior
posterior

A

posterior / dorsal

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31
Q

The ulna is __ to radius

A

medial

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32
Q

o superior aspect of any part that protrudes anteriorly from the body, such as the dorsum of the tongue, nose, penis, or foot

A

dorsum

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33
Q

 the surface of the foot and toes corresponding to the sole

plantar surface
dorsal surface

A

plantar surface

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34
Q

 The surface of the hands, the feet, and the digits of both

plantar surface
dorsal surface

A

dorsal surface

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35
Q

The transverse colon is ___to the ascending and descending colon

intermediate
external
internal

A

intermediate

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36
Q

the ribs are __ to the lungs

intermediate
external
internal

A

external / superficial

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37
Q

The ribs are ___ to the skin of the chest and back.

intermediate
external
internal

A

internal / deep

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38
Q

 flexion at the ankle joint
 Ex: walking uphill or lifting the front of the foot and toes off the ground

dorsiflexion
plantarflexion
extension

A

dorsiflexion

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39
Q

 bends the foot and toes toward the ground
 Ex: standing on your toes

dorsiflexion
plantarflexion
extension

A

plantarflexion

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40
Q

YOU’VE GOT THIS !

A

GO DOKTORA !

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41
Q

 so that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly and its dorsum faces anteriorly.

 combination of eversion and abduction

pronation
supination

A

pronation

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42
Q

 palm faces superiorly
 combination of inversion and adduction

pronation
supination

A

supination

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43
Q

in protruding / anterior the mandible (chin), lips, or tongue

protrusion
retrusion

A

protrusion

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44
Q

retruding / posterior the mandible, lips, or tongue.

protrusion
retrusion

A

retrusion

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45
Q 
The humerus (arm bone) is \_\_to the radius.
o	Nearer to the attachment.

proximal
distal

A

proximal

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46
Q

The phalanges (finger bones) are __to the carpals (wrist bones).

farther from attachement

A

distal

47
Q

 flat opposed surfaces.
• acromioclavicular joint

example
• proximal tibiofibular, intertarsal, intercarpal
• intermetacarpal, carpometacarpal, sternoclavicular

plane joint
o	Hinge joints (ginglymus)
o	Condyloid joints (ellipsoidal)
Ball and socket joints (spheroidal)
o	Pivot joints (trochoid)
A

Plane joint

48
Q 
	Resemble door hinges
	permit flexion and extension only
	uniaxial joints (one plane)
example:
•	Elbow joint
•	ankle, and
interphalangeal joints.
plane joint
o	Hinge joints (ginglymus)
o	Condyloid joints (ellipsoidal)
Ball and socket joints (spheroidal)
o	Pivot joints (trochoid)
A

o Hinge joints (ginglymus)

49
Q 
	2 concave and 2 convex condyles
	Example:
o	metacarpophalangeal joints (knuckle joints)
thumb metacarpal
bone & wrist carpal bone
(trapezium carpal)
plane joint
o	Hinge joints (ginglymus)
o	Condyloid joints (ellipsoidal)
Ball and socket joints (spheroidal)
o	Pivot joints (trochoid)
A

o Condyloid joints (ellipsoidal) /

saddle
example
bone & wrist carpal bone
trapezium carpal

50
Q

 multiaxial joints (multiple axes and planes)
 Ex:
• Hip joint
• shoulder

plane joint
o	Hinge joints (ginglymus)
o	Condyloid joints (ellipsoidal)
Ball and socket joints (spheroidal)
o	Pivot joints (trochoid)
A

o Ball and socket joints (spheroidal)

51
Q

 Permit rotation around a central axis (UNIAXIAL) in a ring

 Location:
o superior and inferior radioulnar joints
o atlantoaxial joint

A

o Pivot joints (trochoid)

o (C1 vertebra) “atlas” rotates around a finger-like process
o (C2 vertebra) “dense of the axis” during rotation of the head.

52
Q 
side notes:	
Synovial joints (diarthrodial)
	fibrous joints (synarthroses)
translation ; cytoplasm
     -the formation of a polypeptide chain (protein) from a mRNA molecule.

transCRIPTION - nucleus
-containing the instructions for a particular proteins is exposed and a mRNA is built by matching the bases to the DNA (mRNA is made from DNA)

A

side notes:

mRNA; TransCRIPT and read 3 CODONS

CODON
-three nucleotide base sequence of mRNA corresponding to a particular amino acid

53
Q

 PARTIALLY MOVABLE FIBROUS JOINT

syndesmoses
snchondrosis

A

o Syndesmosis

FIBROUS JOINT

54
Q

 CARTILAGINOUS JOINT united by hyaline cartilage
 permit growth in the length of a bone and slight bending during early life
PRIMARY cartilaginous joint

o Synchondroses
Sympheses

A

o Synchondroses

CARTILAGINOUS JOINT

55
Q

TAKE A PAUSE BUT NEVER GIVE UP !

A

HELP YOURSELF.

56
Q
  • Degenerative joint disease.
  • stiffness, discomfort, and pain

o Osteoarthritis
o arthritis

A

o Osteoarthritis

57
Q

the bones of the calvaria (skullcap) of a newborn infant’s cranium

A
  • Fontanellea
58
Q
  • inflammation of a joint
  • autoimmune disease

o arthritis
Osteoarthritis

A

o arthritis

  • septicemia is a blood poisoning
59
Q
  • networks of lymphatic capillaries
  • can readily enter lymphatic capillaries.

o Lymphatic plexuses
thoracic duct

A

o Lymphatic plexuses

BEADED APPEARANCE

60
Q
  • drains lymph from the other quadrant (except RUQ) of the body
  • left venous angle

Lymphatic plexuses
thoracic duct

A

thoracic duct

61
Q
  • small masses of lymphatic tissue
  • which lymph is filtered

Lymph nodes
 Visceral lymphatics

A

Lymph nodes

62
Q

o Conveys chyle (juice, milky fluid)

Lymph nodes
 Visceral lymphatics

A

 Visceral lymphatics

63
Q

 lymph does not drain

o Lymphedema
o Lymphangitis and lymphadenitis

A

o Lymphedema

64
Q

o red streaks in the skin, and the nodes
o may lead to septicemia (blood poisoning)

o Lymphangitis and lymphadenitis
o Lymphedema

A

o Lymphangitis and lymphadenitis

secondary infection

65
Q

•route for CARCInoma to METASTASIZE (epithelial tumor)

o Lymphogenous spread (via lymphatic vessels)
o Hematogenous spread (via blood vessels)

A

o Lymphogenous spread (via lymphatic vessels)

66
Q
  • For SARCOMA (connective tissue cancers)
  • Secondary sarcoma in liver and lungs

o Lymphogenous spread (via lymphatic vessels)
o Hematogenous spread (via blood vessels)

A

o Hematogenous spread (via blood vessels)

67
Q

• Encloses skeletal muscle

EPImysium
ENDOmysium
PERImysium

A

EPImysium

68
Q

• Encloses each muscle fiber

EPImysium
ENDOmysium
PERImysium

A

ENDOmysium

69
Q

• Surrounds bundles of muscle fibers

EPImysium
ENDOmysium
PERImysium

A

o Perimysium

70
Q

• Anchors muscle to the skeleton / deep fascia (latissimus dorsi muscle of the back)

A

 Aponeuroses (flat sheet)

71
Q

 muscle changes length

isoTONIC
isoMETRIC

A

isotonic

-concentric
o muscle shortening

ex:
abduction. lifting cup

-eccentric
controlled lengthening (relaxation)

ex:
ADDuction

72
Q
  • muscle length remains the same
  • Force (muscle tension) is increased

isoTONIC
isoMETRIC

A

isoMETRIC

73
Q

 have parallel fibers with an aponeurosis

example:
external oblique (broad flat muscle)
• sartorius

A

flat muscle

74
Q

BE MOTIVATED !

A

KAPOYON LANG PERO DILI MUUNDANG !

75
Q

 feather-like fascicles

-• extensor digitorum longus (unipennate)
• rectus femoris (bipennate)
• deltoid (multipennate)

a. flat muscle
b. pennate muscle
c. fusiform muscle

A

PENNATE muscle

ex: extensor digitorum longus (unipennate)
• rectus femoris (bipennate)
• deltoid (multipennate)

76
Q

spindle shaped with a round, thick belly (or bellies) and tapered ends
:
• biceps brachii

a. flat muscle
b. pennate muscle
c. fusiform muscle

A

FUSIFORM muscle

ex: biceps brachii

• Convergent muscles (forms single tendon)
pectoralis major

77
Q

muscle’s pull is exerted along a line that parallels the axis of the bones to which it is attached

shunt muscle
spurt muscle

A

shunt muscle

spurt
- pull is oriented to the bone it moves

78
Q

 fibrous bands

 connect muscles to bones or cartilage.

A

tendon

79
Q

 bones to bones

 folds of peritoneum

A

ligament

80
Q

bones, necks, trunk

axial or appendicular skeleton ?

A

axial

appendicular

  • Bones
  • Pectoral
  • Pelvic
81
Q

o sensitive to tearing or tension

o surrounds each skeletal element like a sleeve

A

periOSTEUM

82
Q

o Cuboidal
o ONLY in tarsus (ankle) and carpus (wrist)
o spongy and marrow

SHORT BONE
FLAT BONES
Sesamoid

A

SHORT BONE

83
Q

o serve protective functions
o 2 layers of compact bone in spongy and marrow
o Ex:
 flat bones of the cranium protect the brain.
 Ribs
 Sternum
 scapulae

A

FLAT BONE

84
Q

o protects the TENDON from excessive wear
o Ex:
 patella or knee cap.
 wrist

A

SESAMOID

LONG BONES

o Develop by replacement of hyaline cartilage plate (endochondral ossification )

85
Q

knuckle-like articular area, often occurring in pairs

A

CONDYLE

86
Q

no movement
= fibrous connective tissue

Synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis

A

Synarthrosis

87
Q

some movement
= cartilaginous
= no joint cavity (pubic)

Synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis

A

Amphiarthrosis

88
Q

freely moveable
= joint cavity & joint capsule

Synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis

A

Diarthrosis

89
Q

noncellular, adhesive that provides barrier that restricts movement of proteins and other large molecules from underlying connective tissue

a. basal lamina
b. basement membrane

A

basal lamina

90
Q

the secretion is released from secretory vesicle via exocytosis.

merocrine gland
apocrine
holocrine

A

merocrine gland

91
Q

cells lose some cytoplasm as well as secretory product; apical portion of cytoplasm packed with vesicles and is shed

merocrine gland
apocrine
holocrine

A

apocrine gland

92
Q

the entire cell packed with secretory product and cell bursts open.

merocrine gland
apocrine
holocrine

A

holocrine gland

93
Q

used site for harvesting bone marrow

A

STERNUM

94
Q

 disorders of epiphyses in children result from avascular necrosis of unknown etiology (cause)

-osteochondrosis
Osteomalacia

A
  • osteochondrosis
95
Q
  •  gradual softening of the bone due to ack of vitamin D or renal tubular dysfunction
  • Osteomalacia
  • Osteoporosis
A
  • Osteomalacia
96
Q

 Decreased bone mass due to defective resportion of immature bone

-Osteoporosis
osteochondrosis

A
  • Osteoporosis
97
Q

 decreased calcification of bone or a reduced bone mass due to an inadequate osteoid synthesis

OSTEOPENIA
osteochondrosis

A

OSTEOPENIA

98
Q

add ons:

 Brain
o Cortex as outer part in gray matter (nucleus)
o Axon as inner in white matter with ventricles (filled with CSF)

A

NOTES:
PNS (12 pairs of cranial nerve “except XI”, 31 pairs spinal nerve “rootlets initially”)
o conduct impulses to or away from the CNS

99
Q

o neuron cell bodies outside the CNS (muscles and glands) from neural crest.

A

ganglia

100
Q

transmits sensations of touch, pain, temperature, and position from sensory receptors.

-voluntary / SKELETAL MUSCLE

A

Somatic Nervous System

ANS / visceral
o INVOLUNTARY
o Cardiac and glandular (secretory) cells

101
Q

• a division that enables the body to deal with stresses, fight-or-flight response
-catabolic

sympathetic or PARAsympathetic?

A

 sympathetic (thoracolumbar) division

-norepinephrine

102
Q
  • homeostatic or anabolic (energy-conserving) system
  • body wall, erectile tissue of genitelia and limbs

sympathetic or PARAsympathetic?

A

 parasympathetic (craniosacral) division

-acetylcholine

103
Q

sides of Enteric nervous system

A

 Sclerotomes (MEDIAL)
 Dermatomyotomes (LATERAL)
-• gives rise to the skeletal muscles and dermis of the skin

SMiLD (pneumonic)

104
Q

o Caused by pressure on a nerve
o Example:
 pins-and-needles sensation that occurs when one sits too long with the legs crossed

A

paresthesia

transient: • injection of anesthetic for dental repairs.

saturday night syndrome:
• Permanent paresthesia; may be temporary if ischemia is not too long

105
Q

o damages or kills the axons
o No surgical repair is needed due to REGENERATION of intact CT GUIDING THE GROWING AXON

crushing or cutting nerve injury ?

A

crushing nerve injury

106
Q 
o	Requires surgical intervention to realigned nerve bundles
o	Anterograde (wallerian) degeneration

crushing or cutting nerve injury ?

A

cutting nerve injury

107
Q

o Dense substance (compact bone) result in Conventional (x-ray image) 1940

A 
•	Radiopaque
o	Most – compact
o	Spongy
o	Water and most tissues
o	Fat
o	Least -  air
108
Q
  • beam of X-rays passes through the body AT MULTIPLE ANGLE
A

Computerized tomography (CT)

RESULT:
transverse section of the body)

o Whole-body CT scanning
 Targets the torso.
 Best screening for lung cancers

109
Q
  • better for tissue differentiation without the use of ionizing radiation
A

MRI

  • result:
    o high proton (fat and water) emits more signal
    -two- or three-dimensional blueprint of cellular chemistry.
110
Q

 Iodine containing contrast medium is injected into a vein and a beta-blocker is given to decrease heart rate.

RESULT:
three-dimensional image of the coronary blood vessels on a monitor.

A

CORONARY (CARDIAC) COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY (CCTA) SCAN

111
Q
  • balance in the body’s internal environment.
A

HOMEOSTASIS (sameness; standing still)

112
Q

ulna is __ to radius.

medial or latera ?

A

medial

-near to midline

113
Q

 dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

A

diaphragm

anatomy (3 decks)

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