Chapter 1 Flashcards
is a branch of psychology that
applies the principles of psychology to the workplace.
Industrial/organizational psychology
focuses on determining the
competencies needed to perform a job, staffing the organization with employees
who have those competencies, and increasing those competencies through
training.
Industrial approach
creates an
organizational structure and culture that will motivate employees to perform
well, give them with the necessary information to do their jobs, and provide
working conditions that are safe and result in an enjoyable and satisfying work
environment.
Organizational approach
study and practice in such areas as analyzing jobs, recruiting applicants, selecting employees, determining salary levels, training employees, and evaluating
employee performance.
Personnel Psychology
concerned with the
issues of leadership, job satisfaction, employee motivation, organizational
communication, conflict management, organizational change, and group
processes within an organization.
Organizational Psychology
provides I/O psychologists with the fi rst
opportunity for large-scale employee testing and
selection
1918 World War I
First Ph.D. in I/O psychology awarded to _____ and
_____ at Carnegie Tech
Bruce Moore & Merrill Ream, 1921
Hawthorne studies published
1933
American Association for Applied Psychology
established
1937
Equal Pay Act passed
1963
B.F. Skinner publishes Beyond Freedom
and Dignity
1971
concentrate on workplace design,
human-machine interaction, ergonomics, and physical fatigue and stress. These
psychologists frequently work with engineers and other technical professionals
to make the workplace safer and more efficient.
Human Factors/Ergonomics
Walter Dill Scott publishes The Theory of Advertising
1903
The _____ was used
for recruits who could read
Alpha test
the _____ for recruits who could not read.
Beta test
better known as a pioneer in
behaviorism, served as a major in the U.S. Army in World War I and developed
perceptual and motor tests for potential pilots.
John Watson
In , _____created a
-item knowledge test that he administered to over applicants. The test
and passing score were so difficult that only % of the applicants passed.
Thomas A. Edison
were among the first, if not the first, scientists to improve productivity and reduce fatigue by studying the motions used by workers.
The Gilbreths (Frank Gilbreth and Lillian Moller Gilbreth)
conducted at the Hawthorne plant of the Western
Electric Company in the Chicago area, demonstrated that employee behavior
was complex and that the interpersonal interactions between managers and
employees played a tremendous role in employee behavior
Hawthorne studies
employees changed their behavior and became more productive because they were being
studied and received attention from their managers, a condition that is now
commonly referred to as the
Hawthorne effect
are the fastestgrowing segment of the U.S. population; and an increasing number of workers,
vendors, and customers have English as their second language.
Asian Americans
an
educated prediction about the answer to a question.
hypothesis
consist of articles written by researchers directly reporting
the results of a study.
Journals
contain articles usually written by professional writers who
have developed expertise in a given field
Trade magazines
good sources of ideas but terrible sources to use in support of a scientific hypothesis.
Magazines
One disadvantage of laboratory research is
external validity or generalizability
obviously gains in external validity it loses in control of extraneous variables that are not of interest to the researcher (internal validity).
Field research
is the most powerful of all research methods because it is the only
one that can determine cause-and-effect relationships.
experimental method
Two characteristics define an experiment:
() manipulation of one or more
independent variables and () random assignment of subjects to experimental
and control conditions.
a
study, a survey, or an investigation.
quasi-experiment
In an experiment, the researcher intentionally manipulates one or more
aspects of the question of interest
independent variable
result of that manipulation
dependent
variable
The employees who received the training are collectively called the
experimental group
the
employees who did not receive the training are collectively called the
control
group
involves using previously collected data
or records to answer a research question
Archival research
- ask people their opinion
on some topic.
-can be conducted by mail, personal interviews, phone, fax, email,
Internet, or magazines. The method chosen depends on such factors as sample size,
budget, amount of time available to conduct the study, and need for a representative
sample.
Surveys
is a statistical method of reaching conclusions based on
previous research.
Meta-Analysis
are used as the effect size when researchers are
interested in the relationship between two variables, and the majority of studies
use correlation as their statistical test.
Correlation coefficients(r)
used as the effect size when researchers are looking
at the difference between two groups.
difference score(d)
are ambiguous situations that
require a personal judgment of what is right or wrong
because there are no rules, policies, or laws guiding
such decisions. Individuals often rely on their morals
and personal values, which often leads to different
decisions by different people in similar situations.
Ethical dilemmas
there is a high level of
uncertainty as to what is right or wrong, there appears to be
no best solution, and there are both positive and negative
consequences to a decision.
Type A dilemma
also called rationalizing
dilemmas. Usually, individuals know what is right but choose
the solution that is most advantageous to them.
Type B dilemma
