Chapter 1

Question 1

is a branch of psychology that

applies the principles of psychology to the workplace.

Answer 1

Industrial/organizational psychology

Question 2

focuses on determining the
competencies needed to perform a job, staffing the organization with employees
who have those competencies, and increasing those competencies through
training.

Answer 2

Industrial approach

Question 3

creates an
organizational structure and culture that will motivate employees to perform
well, give them with the necessary information to do their jobs, and provide
working conditions that are safe and result in an enjoyable and satisfying work
environment.

Answer 3

Organizational approach

Question 4

study and practice in such areas as analyzing jobs, recruiting applicants, selecting employees, determining salary levels, training employees, and evaluating
employee performance.

Answer 4

Personnel Psychology

Question 5

concerned with the
issues of leadership, job satisfaction, employee motivation, organizational
communication, conflict management, organizational change, and group
processes within an organization.

Answer 5

Organizational Psychology

Question 6

provides I/O psychologists with the fi rst
opportunity for large-scale employee testing and
selection

Answer 6

1918 World War I

Question 7

First Ph.D. in I/O psychology awarded to _____ and

_____ at Carnegie Tech

Answer 7

Bruce Moore & Merrill Ream, 1921

Question 8

Hawthorne studies published

Answer 8

1933

Question 9

American Association for Applied Psychology

established

Answer 9

1937

Question 10

Equal Pay Act passed

Answer 10

1963

Question 11

B.F. Skinner publishes Beyond Freedom

and Dignity

Answer 11

1971

Question 12

concentrate on workplace design,
human-machine interaction, ergonomics, and physical fatigue and stress. These
psychologists frequently work with engineers and other technical professionals
to make the workplace safer and more efficient.

Answer 12

Human Factors/Ergonomics

Question 13

Walter Dill Scott publishes The Theory of Advertising

Answer 13

1903

Question 14

The _____ was used

for recruits who could read

Answer 14

Alpha test

Question 15

the _____ for recruits who could not read.

Answer 15

Beta test

Question 16

better known as a pioneer in
behaviorism, served as a major in the U.S. Army in World War I and developed
perceptual and motor tests for potential pilots.

Answer 16

John Watson

Question 17

In , _____created a
-item knowledge test that he administered to over  applicants. The test
and passing score were so difficult that only % of the applicants passed.

Answer 17

Thomas A. Edison

Question 18

were among the first, if not the first, scientists to improve productivity and reduce fatigue by studying the motions used by workers.

Answer 18

The Gilbreths (Frank Gilbreth and Lillian Moller Gilbreth)

Question 19

conducted at the Hawthorne plant of the Western
Electric Company in the Chicago area, demonstrated that employee behavior
was complex and that the interpersonal interactions between managers and
employees played a tremendous role in employee behavior

Answer 19

Hawthorne studies

Question 20

employees changed their behavior and became more productive because they were being
studied and received attention from their managers, a condition that is now
commonly referred to as the

Answer 20

Hawthorne effect

Question 21

are the fastestgrowing segment of the U.S. population; and an increasing number of workers,
vendors, and customers have English as their second language.

Answer 21

Asian Americans

Question 22

an

educated prediction about the answer to a question.

Answer 22

hypothesis

Question 23

consist of articles written by researchers directly reporting
the results of a study.

Answer 23

Journals

Question 24

contain articles usually written by professional writers who
have developed expertise in a given field

Answer 24

Trade magazines

Question 25

good sources of ideas but terrible sources to use in support of a scientific hypothesis.

Answer 25

Magazines

Question 26

One disadvantage of laboratory research is

Answer 26

external validity or generalizability

Question 27

obviously gains in external validity it loses in control of extraneous variables that are not of interest to the researcher (internal validity).

Answer 27

Field research

Question 28

is the most powerful of all research methods because it is the only
one that can determine cause-and-effect relationships.

Answer 28

experimental method

Question 29

Two characteristics define an experiment:

Answer 29

() manipulation of one or more
independent variables and () random assignment of subjects to experimental
and control conditions.

Question 30

a

study, a survey, or an investigation.

Answer 30

quasi-experiment

Question 31

In an experiment, the researcher intentionally manipulates one or more
aspects of the question of interest

Answer 31

independent variable

Question 32

result of that manipulation

Answer 32

dependent

variable

Question 33

The employees who received the training are collectively called the

Answer 33

experimental group

Question 34

the

employees who did not receive the training are collectively called the

Answer 34

control

group

Question 35

involves using previously collected data

or records to answer a research question

Answer 35

Archival research

Question 36

• ask people their opinion
  on some topic.
  -can be conducted by mail, personal interviews, phone, fax, email,
  Internet, or magazines. The method chosen depends on such factors as sample size,
  budget, amount of time available to conduct the study, and need for a representative
  sample.

Answer 36

Surveys

Question 37

is a statistical method of reaching conclusions based on

previous research.

Answer 37

Meta-Analysis

Question 38

are used as the effect size when researchers are
interested in the relationship between two variables, and the majority of studies
use correlation as their statistical test.

Answer 38

Correlation coefficients(r)

Question 39

used as the effect size when researchers are looking

at the difference between two groups.

Answer 39

difference score(d)

Question 40

are ambiguous situations that
require a personal judgment of what is right or wrong
because there are no rules, policies, or laws guiding
such decisions. Individuals often rely on their morals
and personal values, which often leads to different
decisions by different people in similar situations.

Answer 40

Ethical dilemmas

Question 41

there is a high level of
uncertainty as to what is right or wrong, there appears to be
no best solution, and there are both positive and negative
consequences to a decision.

Answer 41

Type A dilemma

Question 42

also called rationalizing
dilemmas. Usually, individuals know what is right but choose
the solution that is most advantageous to them.

Answer 42

Type B dilemma