chapter 08 Flashcards
ap world vocab
The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus’s voyages.
columbian exchange
English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands.
pilgrims
English Protestant dissenters who believed that God predestined souls to heaven or hell before birth. They founded Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629.
puritans
An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (six after 1722) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, the Confederacy dominated the area from western New England to the Great Lakes.
iroquois confederacy
French fur traders, many of mixed Amerindian heritage, who lived among and often married with Amerindian peoples of North America.
coureurs de bois
Arab state based in Musqat, the main port in the southeast region of the Arabian peninsula. Oman succeeded Portugal as a power in the western Indian Ocean in the eighteenth century.
oman
Bantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa.
swahili
Fort established around 1619 as headquarters of Dutch East India Company operations in Indonesia; today the city of Jakarta.
batavia
Located in what is now Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish America.
potosi
A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians.
encomienda
Groups of private investors who paid an annual fee to France and England in exchange for a monopoly over trade to the West Indies colonies.
chartered companies
Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to conduct its merchants’ trade in the Americas and Africa.
dutch west india company
A migrant to British colonies in the Americas who paid for passage by agreeing to work for a set term ranging from four to seven years.
indentured servants
european government policies of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries designed to promote overseas trade between a country and its colonies and accumulate precious metals by requiring colonies to trade only with their motherland country. The British system was defined by the Navigation Acts; the French system by regulations collectively known as the Exclusif.
mercantilism
A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors.
joint stock company
A place where shares in a company or business enterprise are bought and sold.
stock exchange
A trading company chartered by the English government in 1672 to conduct its merchants’ trade on the Atlantic coast of Africa.
royal african company
Muslim kingdom in northern Sumatra. Main center of Islamic expansion in Southeast Asia in the early seventeenth century, it declined after the Dutch seized Malacca from Portugal in 1641.
acheh sultanate
Elected assembly in colonial Virginia, created in 1618.
house of burgesses
the network of trade routes connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas that underlay the Atlantic system.
atlantic circuit
The part of the Atlantic Circuit involving the transportation of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas.
middle passage
First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which outlawed the enslavement of Amerindians and limited other forced labor.
batholeme de las casas
A deadly disease brought by Europeans that killed many Native Americans because they had never been exposed to it before.
smallpox
Another European disease that spread to Native Americans, causing many deaths.
measles
