Chapter 05 Flashcards
Perception
The selective mental processes that enable us to interpret and understand our surroundings.
Nonverbal behavior
The subtle cues used to communicate within and across cultures, including facial expressions, appearance, and body movements.
Personal space
The distance we have between ourselves and others when we talk and interact; different spaces are preferred by different cultures.
context
Background information—other than what is said or written—that helps one understand and perceive others.
High vs low context cultures
High-context cultures put great weight on background information whereas low-context cultures view it as extraneous.
Clock time
In Western cultures, time is perceived as a commodity; time schedules people.
Event time
In Eastern cultures, time is seen as more flexible and fluid; events schedule people.
Pace of time
A person who perceives time differently also perceives other business factors (e.g., profit) differently.
Monochronic-time countries
Prefer paying attention to one thing at a time.
Have an economic view of time as “money.”
Believe schedules are sacred.
Polychronic- time countries
Prefer to do many things at once.
Take a more flexible view of time and punctuality.
Do not hold an economic view of time.
Attribution theory
A model of how we come to perceive others’ behavior as internally or externally caused.
Self-serving attribution bias
The tendency to take credit (internal attribution) for success but to blame failure on other causes (external attribution).
Self-effacing behavior
The tendency among some cultures to be modest in taking credit for success but accepting responsibility for failure.
Attitude
A learned tendency to react emotionally toward some object or person.
Independent self
The view of oneself as an autonomous or unique individual who values self-reliance and achievement.
Interdependent self
The view of oneself as closely linked toward others and groups that value paternalism and group cohesion.
Abstract self descriptions
General views of the self that are context-free (e.g., Western cultures, in low-context situations).
Concrete Self Descriptions
Descriptions of self that are imbedded in concrete social situations (e.g., non-Western, high-context cultures).
Face
The need for self-respect, pride, and dignity that varies dramatically across cultures.
Job satisfaction
Is lower for Japanese workers than American workers.
Varies more in its reasons among Japanese workers.
Measures of employment engagement
Degree of confidence in firm leaders.
Employee importance on management’s “to do” list.
How exciting/challenging the work is and the opportunity to grow.
Degree to which the firm is concerned with employees, its stakeholders, the environment
Organizational commitment
A measure of differences among employees in their attachment and allegiance to their organization.
Work Commitment
A measure of differences among employees in their commitment to their work separate from their organization commitment.
Research Findings
Culture is not as strong a predictor of work commitment as it is for organizational commitment.
Stereotypes
The tendency to infer traits from individuals based on their national, racial, or cultural group membership.
The “in group” as a cause of stereotypes
The tendency to rate an individual’s “in-group” higher than an “out-group.”
Increased contact with the out-group results in greater heterogeneity of opinions.
Mirror Imaging
Occurs when groups perceive their traits as positive and stereotype the traits of other groups as negative.
Attitude Differences
May impact whether and how business is conducted (e.g., marketing of product brands).
May change dramatically over time.
Country-of-origin
The belief that the country of origin of various products or services is associated with certain attributes such as quality.
