Chapter 05

Question 1

Perception

Answer 1

The selective mental processes that enable us to interpret and understand our surroundings.

Question 2

Nonverbal behavior

Answer 2

The subtle cues used to communicate within and across cultures, including facial expressions, appearance, and body movements.

Question 3

Personal space

Answer 3

The distance we have between ourselves and others when we talk and interact; different spaces are preferred by different cultures.

Question 4

context

Answer 4

Background information—other than what is said or written—that helps one understand and perceive others.

Question 5

High vs low context cultures

Answer 5

High-context cultures put great weight on background information whereas low-context cultures view it as extraneous.

Question 6

Clock time

Answer 6

In Western cultures, time is perceived as a commodity; time schedules people.

Question 7

Event time

Answer 7

In Eastern cultures, time is seen as more flexible and fluid; events schedule people.

Question 8

Pace of time

Answer 8

A person who perceives time differently also perceives other business factors (e.g., profit) differently.

Question 9

Monochronic-time countries

Answer 9

Prefer paying attention to one thing at a time.
Have an economic view of time as “money.”
Believe schedules are sacred.

Question 10

Polychronic- time countries

Answer 10

Prefer to do many things at once.
Take a more flexible view of time and punctuality.
Do not hold an economic view of time.

Question 11

Attribution theory

Answer 11

A model of how we come to perceive others’ behavior as internally or externally caused.

Question 12

Self-serving attribution bias

Answer 12

The tendency to take credit (internal attribution) for success but to blame failure on other causes (external attribution).

Question 13

Self-effacing behavior

Answer 13

The tendency among some cultures to be modest in taking credit for success but accepting responsibility for failure.

Question 14

Attitude

Answer 14

A learned tendency to react emotionally toward some object or person.

Question 15

Independent self

Answer 15

The view of oneself as an autonomous or unique individual who values self-reliance and achievement.

Question 16

Interdependent self

Answer 16

The view of oneself as closely linked toward others and groups that value paternalism and group cohesion.

Question 17

Abstract self descriptions

Answer 17

General views of the self that are context-free (e.g., Western cultures, in low-context situations).

Question 18

Concrete Self Descriptions

Answer 18

Descriptions of self that are imbedded in concrete social situations (e.g., non-Western, high-context cultures).

Question 19

Face

Answer 19

The need for self-respect, pride, and dignity that varies dramatically across cultures.

Question 20

Job satisfaction

Answer 20

Is lower for Japanese workers than American workers.
Varies more in its reasons among Japanese workers.

Question 21

Measures of employment engagement

Answer 21

Degree of confidence in firm leaders.
Employee importance on management’s “to do” list.
How exciting/challenging the work is and the opportunity to grow.
Degree to which the firm is concerned with employees, its stakeholders, the environment

Question 22

Organizational commitment

Answer 22

A measure of differences among employees in their attachment and allegiance to their organization.

Question 23

Work Commitment

Answer 23

A measure of differences among employees in their commitment to their work separate from their organization commitment.

Question 24

Research Findings

Answer 24

Culture is not as strong a predictor of work commitment as it is for organizational commitment.

Question 25

Stereotypes

Answer 25

The tendency to infer traits from individuals based on their national, racial, or cultural group membership.

Question 26

The “in group” as a cause of stereotypes

Answer 26

The tendency to rate an individual’s “in-group” higher than an “out-group.”
Increased contact with the out-group results in greater heterogeneity of opinions.

Question 27

Mirror Imaging

Answer 27

Occurs when groups perceive their traits as positive and stereotype the traits of other groups as negative.

Question 28

Attitude Differences

Answer 28

May impact whether and how business is conducted (e.g., marketing of product brands).
May change dramatically over time.

Question 29

Country-of-origin

Answer 29

The belief that the country of origin of various products or services is associated with certain attributes such as quality.