Chapt. 4 Basics Of Behavioral Change And Health Psychology

Question 1

What is the health belief model?

Answer 1

A theory that predicts people will engage in health behavior such as exercise based on the perceived threat they feel regarding a health problem and the pros and cons of adopting the behavior.

Question 2

With regards to the health belief model perceived threat is defined and influence by the following factors:

Answer 2

Perceived seriousness, the feelings one has about the seriousness of contracting an illness or living an illness and treated such as based on the severity of the potential consequences of the problem.
Perceives susceptibility, a person subjective appraisal of the likelihood of developing the problem.
Cues to action, events either bodily or environmental that motivate people to make a change.

Question 3

Self efficacy is based on the following six components:

Answer 3

Past performance experience, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, psychological state appraisal, emotional state and mood appraisal, imaginal experiences.

Question 4

What is the trans theoretical model of behavioral change?

Answer 4

More commonly called the stages of change model, the TTM is the readiness for a client to make a change.

Question 5

What are the stages of change

Answer 5

Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action and maintenance.

Question 6

What is the precontemplation stage of change?

Answer 6

People are sedentary and not considering an activity program.

Question 7

What is the contemplation stage of change?

Answer 7

The client is still sedentary, however are starting to consider activity and have begun to identify the implications of being active.

Question 8

What is the preparation stage of change?

Answer 8

The stage is marked by some physical activity as individuals are mentally and physically preparing to adopt an activity program. Activity is sporadic and inconsistent.

Question 9

What is the action stage of change?

Answer 9

People engage in regular physical activity, but have been doing so for less than six months.

Question 10

What is the maintenance stage of change?

Answer 10

This stage is marked by regular physical activity participation for longer than six months.

Question 11

Defined the process of change?

Answer 11

The unique set of processes that a client engages in to move from one stage of change to the next.

Question 12

What is the goal for the trainer for a client in the precontemplation stage?

Answer 12

To make inactivity a relevant issue and to start thinking about being active.

Question 13

What are the interventions a trainer can use on a client in the precontemplation stage?

Answer 13

Provide information about the risks of being inactive and the benefits of being active, provide information from multiple sources and make inactivity a relevant issue.

Question 14

What is the goal for a trainer for a client in the contemplation stage?

Answer 14

To get the client involved in some type of activity.

Question 15

What are the interventions for a client in the contemplation stage?

Answer 15

Provide opportunities to ask a lot of questions and express apprehensions, provide information about exercise in general, provide information about different types of activity options, fitness facilities, programs and classes, provide cues for action such as passes to nearby facilities, invitations to facility open houses tours or information sessions.

Question 16

What is the goal for a client in the preparation stage?

Answer 16

Engage the client in regular physical activity participation.

Question 17

What are the interventions for a client in the preparation stage?

Answer 17

Provide the opportunity to be active, provide a lot of support, feedback and reinforcement, provide client the opportunity to express their concerns and triumphs, introduce different types of exercise activities to find something they enjoy and help create support groups of similar people who are also adopting exercise programs.

Question 18

What is the goal for a client in the action stage?

Answer 18

Maintain regular physical activity.

Question 19

What are the interventions for a client in the action stage?

Answer 19

Provide continued support and feedback, identify things and events that are potential barriers to adherence, identify high-risk individuals and situations, educate clients about the likelihood of relapse and things that may trigger relapse, teach physical and psychological skills to deal with potential barriers, provide continuous opportunity to be active and a plan to maintain activity in the changing seasons, during vacations and schedule changes.

Question 20

What are the goals for a client in the maintenance stage?

Answer 20

Prevent relapse and maintain continued activity.

Question 21

What are the interventions for a client in the maintenance stage?

Answer 21

Maintain social support from family and friends and from within the exercise environment, provide continued education about barrier identification, keep the exercise environment enjoyable and switch it up to fight boredom, create reward systems for continued adherence and identify early signs of staleness to prevent burnout.

Question 22

What is decisional balance?

Answer 22

The number of pros and cons perceived about adopting and/or maintaining an activity program.

Question 23

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 23

The process by which behaviors are influenced by their consequences. It examines the relationship between antecedents, behaviors and consequences.

Question 24

What are antecedents?

Answer 24

These are stimuli that precede a behavior that often signal the likely consequence of the behavior.

Question 25

What is stimulus control?

Answer 25

Is an influence by antecedents on behavior. Antecedents are controlled within the environment in order to increase the chance of desirable behaviors.

Question 26

What is positive reinforcement?

Answer 26

Providing positive stimulus that increases the chances that behavior will happen again.

Question 27

What is negative reinforcement?

Answer 27

This is avoiding or removing aversive stimulus after an undesirable behavior. This increases the chances that the behavior will happen again.

Question 28

What is extinction?

Answer 28

This occurs when a positive stimulus that once followed a behavior is removed and the likelihood that the behavior will reoccur is decreased.

Question 29

What is punishment?

Answer 29

An adverse stimulus following an undesirable behavior. This decreases the likelihood of the behavior occurring.

Question 30

What is shaping?

Answer 30

The process of using room for to gradually achieve a target behavior. The process begins with the performance of a basic skill that the client is currently capable of doing. The scale demands are gradually raised and reinforcement is given as more as accomplished. The process of continually increasing the demands an appropriate rate accompanied by positive reinforcement leads to the execution of the desired behavior.

Question 31

Why is observational learning important?

Answer 31

All people are influenced to some degree by the behaviors of people around them, it is important for trainers to be aware of the exercise behaviors of the people closest to those clients, as these behaviors may impact the likelihood of client success.

Question 32

What are behavior change strategies?

Answer 32

STools that fitness professionals use to enhance a likelihood the clients will successfully adopt and maintain physical activity program. Principles of operant and classical conditioning to change behavior are useful to teach people to be more physically active.

Question 33

What is stimulus control?

Answer 33

And effective behavioral change strategy that involves making adjustments to the environment to increase the likelihood of healthy behaviors.