chapt 29

Question 0

homeostasis

Answer 0

maintain intetnal environment, including temperature, pH, ion concentrations, O2 and CO2 levels, snf levels of fuel molecules such ad glucose

Question 1

interstitial fluid

Answer 1

between the cells of body; majority of extracellular fluid; allows the exchange of materials/nutrients between cells; dumping site for waste in cells (poisons it)

Question 2

epithelial tissues

Answer 2

sheets that are densely packed; cover inner and outer body surfaces; secrete substances (like hormones or sweat), serve as selective barriers, transport, and sense

Question 3

connective tissue

Answer 3

dispersed populations in extracellular matrix

composition and properties differ between tissues. ex: a matrix of bone gives rigid structural stength

Question 4

nervous tissues

Answer 4

consists of neurons (electrical signals/nerve impulses around body) and glial cells (chem signals and support neurons)

Question 5

muscle tissue

Answer 5

most of body mass in vertebrates; elongated cells that can contract, skeletal muscle vs heart muscle vs smooth muscle

Question 6

set point

Answer 6

speed at which you control your body to go

Question 7

feedback info

Answer 7

information that gets sent back about set pt

Question 8

error signal

Answer 8

diff between set pt and feedback info

Question 9

regulatory systems

Answer 9

obtain, process, and integrate feedback info and then issue commands to effectors

Question 10

negative feedback

Answer 10

most common; used to counteract influence created by error signal
negates factors that push away from set pt (decresdes deviation from set pt)

Question 11

positive feedback

Answer 11

amplifies a response (increases deviation from set pt)

Question 12

feedforward information

Answer 12

changes set pt

like if you suddenly see a deer in the road and you slow down

Question 13

temperature of cells

Answer 13

cells cool at < 0C (and ice crystals damage structure)
their proteins denature at > 40C
0-40C WITH THE MOST VARIATION
humans are actually 35C-40*C

Question 14

ectoderms

Answer 14

temp of fish, amphibian, or reptile relies on temp of environment

Question 15

endotherm

Answer 15

temp of birds and mammals maintain high and constant body temperatures over wide range range of temp
*can generate internal heat metabolically

Question 16

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Answer 16

metabolic rate is at min that still allows for homeostasis in resting animal

Question 17

thermoneutral zone (TNZ)

Answer 17

range where the metabolic rate remains low and constant

Question 18

metabolism

Answer 18

conversion of chem bond energy to atp, and the use of atp to make heat

Question 19

radiation

Answer 19

warmth goes to cold objects

incoming: absorbed heat
outgoing: emitted heat

Question 20

convection

Answer 20

heat transfers to surrounding medium

Question 21

conduction

Answer 21

direct heat transfer when objects touch

Question 22

evaporation

Answer 22

heat transfere away from surface

Question 23

lower critical temperature

Answer 23

when temp is lower than an endotherm’s rhermoneutral zone and the animal must increase metabolism
(like by shivering thermogenesis)

Question 24

brown fat

Answer 24

used as animals hiberate so that tissues can burn fuel without producing

Question 25

concurrent heat exchange

Answer 25

heat exchange between blood vessels carrying blood in opp directions
happens in fish conserving metabolic heat because it allows the fish to have a higher internal body temp than the water (it can be faster and stronger)

Question 26

behavioral thermoregulation

Answer 26

ectotherms can regulate body temp with behavior, like if a lizard starts catching sunlight in early morning

Question 27

hypothalamus

Answer 27

thermostat in brain: causes you to seek cooler/warmer environment
stimulates changes in body such as sweating and dilating/constricting blood vessels
if hypothalamic set pt rises, fever

Question 28

daily torpor

Answer 28

lowering body temp at parts of day ro conserve energy

lasts multiple days in hibernation