chapt 21: industrial revolution Flashcards
England became the first site of the Industrial Revolution for 3 key factors
-Private investments capital from overseas trade and commercial profits
-Access to raw materials, namely cotton
-Necessary natural resources at home such as coal and iron
Working class: referred to…
Laborers in the new factories
Labor unions goals will always be
-Safe and sanitary working conditions
-Decent wage
-Standard work week
Urbanization
The growth of towns and cities due to the movement of people from rural to urban areas
Scottish engineer credited for development of an efficient steam engine
James Watt
Led to the key inventions which drove the development of the Industrial Revolution
Textiles
Industrialization drove changes in
-Labor practices
-Economic ideologies
-Emergence of a new working class of people
-The mass migration of laborers to the urban centers
Because people did not understand the causes of cholera and Typhus epidemics
Authorities in most European countries set up public health agencies to coordinate and study sanitation conditions in cities
In the 1830’s cities: half the population depended on _____________________ to make ends meet
public welfare, charity, criminality
Charles Dickens books reflect the difficult times
Oliver Twist, A Christmas Carol
Reformers depicted the lower class as…
Drunken, disorderly, and dangerously lacking in sexual self control
A coherent set of beliefs about the way the social and political order should be organized
Ideology
People derive their identities from their nations, the most potent of all the new ideologies
Nationalism
Socialism
Social, political, and economic doctrine that calls for public, rather than private ownership or control of property and natural resources essential to society
Ideology that advocates for the elimination/abolition of private property in favor of communal ownership
Communism
1848, Published the Communist Manifesto
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
Karl Marx’s central argument
Class Struggle
According to Marx: class inequality, the means of production
The Haves vs The Have-nots
Marx and Engels envisioned workers…
taking over the means of production and the eventual development of a Communist state
Charles Darwin: English naturalist in 1859
On The Origin of Species
Darwinian Theory: Primary mechanism of evolution
Natural selection
Darwin’s theory applies primarily to:
Plants and animals
Theory was whole heartedly embraces as undisputed fact by:
The academic elite
Without _________, morality is now more fluid
Absolutes of Christianity
