Chaper 2 - theories and causes Flashcards
What is etiology?
the study of causes of childhood disorders
What does a transactional view mean in terms of children and their environment?
dynamic interaction (contributes to each other)
Continuity of abnormal development means that changes are:
gradual and quantitative
Discontinuity of abnormal development means that changes are:
abrupt and qualitative
Which is predictive: continuity or discontinuity of abnormal development?
continuity
For each disorder, list whether it is continual or discontinual in terms of development:
autism
anti-social
eating disorders
autism: discontinual
anti-social: continual
eating disorders: discontinual
What is abnormal to see in children ages 0-2?
mental retardation, feeding disorders, autism
What are common behavioural problems to see in children ages 0-2?
stubbornness, temper, toilet problems
What are common behavioural problems to see in children ages 2-5?
arguing, demanding attention, disobedience, fears, overactivity, resist bedtime
What is abnormal to see in children ages 2-5?
speech & language, problems from abuse/neglect, anxiety, phobias
What are common behavioural problems to see in children ages 6-11?
arguing, hard to concentrate, self-conscious, show off
What is abnormal to see in children ages 6-11?
ADHD, learning disorders, school refusal, conduct probs
What are common behavioural problems to see in children ages 12-20?
arguing, bragging, anger outbreaks, risky behaviour
What is abnormal to see in children ages 12-20?
anorexia, bulimia, delinquency, suicide, drugs, schizophrenia, depression
What are the 2 ways we adjust to schemes?
1) assimilate (fit into)
2) accomodate (alter scheme)
What is the 1st stage of Piaget’s cognitive development & what is a key feature?
sensory motor (0-2) - use 5 senses
What is the 2nd stage of Piaget’s cognitive development & what is a key feature?
pre-operational (2-7)
- object permeance (mess up peek a boo)
What is the 3rd stage of Piaget’s cognitive development & what is a key feature?
concrete operational (7-11) - conservation of volumes etc
What is the last stage of Piaget’s cognitive development & what is a key feature?
formal operational (11+) - abstract thought
What is adaptational failure?
failure in developmental milestones
What are sensitive periods?
stages (time) where env influences on development are ENHANCED (e.g. learning a language in toddlers)
What is developmental psychopathology?
studying child disorders with a stress on developmental processes & tasks
What is a developmental cascade?
previous interactions/experiences spread to other systems & alter development (e.g. curious…help you adapt to academic performance)
At what age are most axon connections formed & the brain will selectively prune them?
5 months
What 3 things have a great effect on childhood brain development?
1) pre-natal environment
2) childhood illness and diet
3) early caregiving
The hind brain consists of:
cerebellum, pons, medulla
Which part of the brain coordinates movement?
cerebellum
What makes up the brain stem?
- hind brain
- mid brain
- diencephalon
The thalamus & the hypothalamus are part of _________ and regulate ________.
diencephalon; behaviour & emotion
Which part of the brain coordinates movement WITH sensory input?
midbrain
Which hemisphere of the brain is non-verbal?
right (social perception & creativity)
The left hemisphere is responsible for:
verbal & cognition
The limbic system consists of:
hippocampus (memory)
cingulate gyrus (pain & aggression)
septum
amygdala (emotion)
What are the basic drives associated with the limbic system?
sex, thirst, hunger, aggression
Which part of the brain is associated with ADHD motor behaviour (tics/tremors) or OCD?
basal ganglia
The adrenal gland releases _______ & __________ and plays a role in:
epinephrine & cortisol
- response to stress, prepares body for challenge
Thyroxine is released from the __________ gland and plats a role in:
thyroid; eating disorders (needed for proper metabolism & growth)
Estrogen/testosterone are released from the pituitary glands and plays a role in what type of disorders?
variety, esp health & stress related
What does HPA (axis) stand for?
hypothalamus-pituitary-adnrenal
The HPA axis is linked to what type of disorders?
anxiety & mood (response to stress)
How does damage to the HPA axis affect a child?
remain in a state of fear or alertness (toxic)
Which NT is involved in anxiety disorder?
benzodiazapene-GABA
Normally, benzodiazapene-GABA increases or decreases arousal?
decreases (moderates emotions)
Abnormal levels of dopamine result is which disorders?
ADHD, schizophrenia, mood disorders
Which NT elicits emergency reactions/alarm and regulates emotions & behaviour?
norepinephrine
Abnormal levels of serotonin result is which disorders?
regulatory probs (eating & sleeping disorders), OCD, schizophrenia
Individual thresholds of emotion are called:
emotional reactivity
Emotional regulation refers to:
enhancing, maintaining, inhibiting arousal
An “easy baby” would be considered which kind of primary temperament?
positive & affect approach
A baby that is “slow to warm up” would be considered which kind of primary temperament?
fearful/inhibited
A “difficult child” would be considered which kind of primary temperament?
negative affect/irritability
Balance b/w emotional reactivity and emotional regulation is called:
self-regulation
Low warmth, high control = what style of parenting?
authoritarian (brick wall)
High warmth, high control = what style of parenting?
authoritative (back bone)
High warmth, low control = what style of parenting?
permissive (jelly fish)
Low warmth, low control = what style of parenting?
rejecting/neglecting
Children that are insecure (anxious/resistant) after caregiver removal experience what kinds of disorders?
phobias, anxiety, depression
Children that are insecure (anxious/avoidance) after caregiver removal experience what kinds of disorders?
conduct, aggressive, depression
Children that are disorganized/disoriented after caregiver removal experience what kinds of disorders?
personality disorders
