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Psych 2042 > Chaper 2 - theories and causes > Flashcards

Chaper 2 - theories and causes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is etiology?

A

the study of causes of childhood disorders

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2
Q

What does a transactional view mean in terms of children and their environment?

A

dynamic interaction (contributes to each other)

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3
Q

Continuity of abnormal development means that changes are:

A

gradual and quantitative

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4
Q

Discontinuity of abnormal development means that changes are:

A

abrupt and qualitative

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5
Q

Which is predictive: continuity or discontinuity of abnormal development?

A

continuity

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6
Q

For each disorder, list whether it is continual or discontinual in terms of development:
autism
anti-social
eating disorders

A

autism: discontinual
anti-social: continual
eating disorders: discontinual

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7
Q

What is abnormal to see in children ages 0-2?

A

mental retardation, feeding disorders, autism

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8
Q

What are common behavioural problems to see in children ages 0-2?

A

stubbornness, temper, toilet problems

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9
Q

What are common behavioural problems to see in children ages 2-5?

A

arguing, demanding attention, disobedience, fears, overactivity, resist bedtime

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10
Q

What is abnormal to see in children ages 2-5?

A

speech & language, problems from abuse/neglect, anxiety, phobias

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11
Q

What are common behavioural problems to see in children ages 6-11?

A

arguing, hard to concentrate, self-conscious, show off

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12
Q

What is abnormal to see in children ages 6-11?

A

ADHD, learning disorders, school refusal, conduct probs

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13
Q

What are common behavioural problems to see in children ages 12-20?

A

arguing, bragging, anger outbreaks, risky behaviour

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14
Q

What is abnormal to see in children ages 12-20?

A

anorexia, bulimia, delinquency, suicide, drugs, schizophrenia, depression

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15
Q

What are the 2 ways we adjust to schemes?

A

1) assimilate (fit into)

2) accomodate (alter scheme)

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16
Q

What is the 1st stage of Piaget’s cognitive development & what is a key feature?

A 
sensory motor (0-2) 
- use 5 senses
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17
Q

What is the 2nd stage of Piaget’s cognitive development & what is a key feature?

A

pre-operational (2-7)

- object permeance (mess up peek a boo)

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18
Q

What is the 3rd stage of Piaget’s cognitive development & what is a key feature?

A 
concrete operational (7-11) 
- conservation of volumes etc
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19
Q

What is the last stage of Piaget’s cognitive development & what is a key feature?

A 
formal operational (11+)
- abstract thought
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20
Q

What is adaptational failure?

A

failure in developmental milestones

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21
Q

What are sensitive periods?

A

stages (time) where env influences on development are ENHANCED (e.g. learning a language in toddlers)

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22
Q

What is developmental psychopathology?

A

studying child disorders with a stress on developmental processes & tasks

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23
Q

What is a developmental cascade?

A

previous interactions/experiences spread to other systems & alter development (e.g. curious…help you adapt to academic performance)

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24
Q

At what age are most axon connections formed & the brain will selectively prune them?

A

5 months

25
Q

What 3 things have a great effect on childhood brain development?

A

1) pre-natal environment
2) childhood illness and diet
3) early caregiving

26
Q

The hind brain consists of:

A

cerebellum, pons, medulla

27
Q

Which part of the brain coordinates movement?

A

cerebellum

28
Q

What makes up the brain stem?

A
  • hind brain
  • mid brain
  • diencephalon
29
Q

The thalamus & the hypothalamus are part of _________ and regulate ________.

A

diencephalon; behaviour & emotion

30
Q

Which part of the brain coordinates movement WITH sensory input?

A

midbrain

31
Q

Which hemisphere of the brain is non-verbal?

A

right (social perception & creativity)

32
Q

The left hemisphere is responsible for:

A

verbal & cognition

33
Q

The limbic system consists of:

A

hippocampus (memory)
cingulate gyrus (pain & aggression)
septum
amygdala (emotion)

34
Q

What are the basic drives associated with the limbic system?

A

sex, thirst, hunger, aggression

35
Q

Which part of the brain is associated with ADHD motor behaviour (tics/tremors) or OCD?

A

basal ganglia

36
Q

The adrenal gland releases _______ & __________ and plays a role in:

A

epinephrine & cortisol

- response to stress, prepares body for challenge

37
Q

Thyroxine is released from the __________ gland and plats a role in:

A

thyroid; eating disorders (needed for proper metabolism & growth)

38
Q

Estrogen/testosterone are released from the pituitary glands and plays a role in what type of disorders?

A

variety, esp health & stress related

39
Q

What does HPA (axis) stand for?

A

hypothalamus-pituitary-adnrenal

40
Q

The HPA axis is linked to what type of disorders?

A

anxiety & mood (response to stress)

41
Q

How does damage to the HPA axis affect a child?

A

remain in a state of fear or alertness (toxic)

42
Q

Which NT is involved in anxiety disorder?

A

benzodiazapene-GABA

43
Q

Normally, benzodiazapene-GABA increases or decreases arousal?

A

decreases (moderates emotions)

44
Q

Abnormal levels of dopamine result is which disorders?

A

ADHD, schizophrenia, mood disorders

45
Q

Which NT elicits emergency reactions/alarm and regulates emotions & behaviour?

A

norepinephrine

46
Q

Abnormal levels of serotonin result is which disorders?

A

regulatory probs (eating & sleeping disorders), OCD, schizophrenia

47
Q

Individual thresholds of emotion are called:

A

emotional reactivity

48
Q

Emotional regulation refers to:

A

enhancing, maintaining, inhibiting arousal

49
Q

An “easy baby” would be considered which kind of primary temperament?

A

positive & affect approach

50
Q

A baby that is “slow to warm up” would be considered which kind of primary temperament?

A

fearful/inhibited

51
Q

A “difficult child” would be considered which kind of primary temperament?

A

negative affect/irritability

52
Q

Balance b/w emotional reactivity and emotional regulation is called:

A

self-regulation

53
Q

Low warmth, high control = what style of parenting?

A

authoritarian (brick wall)

54
Q

High warmth, high control = what style of parenting?

A

authoritative (back bone)

55
Q

High warmth, low control = what style of parenting?

A

permissive (jelly fish)

56
Q

Low warmth, low control = what style of parenting?

A

rejecting/neglecting

57
Q

Children that are insecure (anxious/resistant) after caregiver removal experience what kinds of disorders?

A

phobias, anxiety, depression

58
Q

Children that are insecure (anxious/avoidance) after caregiver removal experience what kinds of disorders?

A

conduct, aggressive, depression

59
Q

Children that are disorganized/disoriented after caregiver removal experience what kinds of disorders?

A

personality disorders

Psych 2042 (4 decks)

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