Chaper 2: Cultural And Legal/Ethical Considerations

Question 1

The place and year where its former system of selecting government officials mostly by heredity was replaced by a system of recommendation and investigation were qualified candidates were sent to the capital to undergo a series of interviews in which they were questioned about how they would solve various problems of politics and governance.

Answer 1

China (2200 B.C.E.)

Question 2

An examination conducted every three years where examinees who had passed local and provincial exams from all over the empire would arrive at the capital to undergo rigorous testing about a wide variety of subjects.

Answer 2

Imperial Examination System

Question 3

These writings attempted to categorize people in terms of personality types. The categorizations typically included reference to an overabundance or deficiency in some bodily fluid (e.g., blood or phlegm) as a factor believed to influence personality.

Answer 3

Ancient Greco-Roman Writing

Question 4

In the 18th century, he anticipated psychology as a science and psychological measurement as a specialty within that science.

Answer 4

Christian von Wolff

Question 5

This book/findings spurred scientific interest in individual differences.

Answer 5

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection by Charles Darwin

Question 6

He made efforts to explore and quantify individual differences between people.

Answer 6

Francis Galton

Question 7

He is an extremely influential contributor in the field of measurement and is credited with devising or contributing to the development of many contemporary tools of psychological assessment, including questionnaires, rating scales, and self-report inventories.

Answer 7

Francis Galton

Question 8

He aspired to classify people “according to their natural gifts” and to ascertain their “deviation from an average”.

Answer 8

Francis Galton

Question 9

Francis Galton’s initial work on heredity was done with ____.

Answer 9

Sweet Peas

Question 10

Francis Galton pioneered the use of what statistical concept central to psychological experimentation and testing?

Answer 10

The Coefficient of Correlation

Question 11

An exhibition in London, by Francis Galton in 1884, where for a few pence, you could be measured on variables such as height (standing & sitting), arm span, weight, breathing capacity, strength of pull, strength of squeeze, swiftness of blow, keenness of sight, memory of form, discrimination of color, and steadiness of hand.

Answer 11

Anthropometric Laboratory

Question 12

Wilhelm Max Wundt founded the first experimental psychology laboratory at what university in Germany?

Answer 12

University of Leipzig

Question 13

He and his students tried to formulate a general description of human abilities with respect to variables such as reaction time, perception, and attention span.

Answer 13

Wilhelm Max Wundt

Question 14

In contrast to Galton, he focused on how people were similar, not different. He viewed individual differences as a frustrating source of error in experimentation, and he attempted to control all extraneous variables in an effort to reduce error to a minimum.

Answer 14

Wilhelm Max Wundt

Question 15

He is one of Wundt’s students and one of the founding member of APA. He focused on individual differences— especially on individual differences in reaction time.

Answer 15

James McKeen Cattell

Question 16

James McKeen Cattell was credited for coining the term ____.

Answer 16

Mental Test

Question 17

He is responsible for getting mental testing underway in America. He founded a number of publications (Psychological Review, Science, and American Men of Science), and in 1921, he founded Psychological Corporation.

Answer 17

James McKeen Cattell

Question 18

He is credited with originating the concept of test reliability as well as building the mathematical framework for the statistical technique of factor analysis.

Answer 18

Charles Spearman

Question 19

The Frenchman who collaborated with Alfred Binet on paper suggesting how mental tests could be used to measure higher mental processes.

Answer 19

Victor Henri

Question 20

He is an early experimenter with the word association technique as a formal test.

Answer 20

Emil Kraepelin

Question 21

He was cited as the “little-known founder of clinical psychology” owing at least in part to his being challenged to treat a “chronic bad speller” in March of 1896.

Answer 21

Lightner Witmer

Question 22

He founded the first psychological clinic in the US at the University of Pennsylvania. He also founded the journal “Psychological Clinic” and the first article in that journal was entitles “Clinical Psychology”.

Answer 22

Lightner Witmer

Question 23

This is the birth of the first formal tests of intelligence.

Answer 23

Early 1900s

Question 24

They argued for the measurement of abilities such as memory and social comprehension.

Answer 24

Alfred Binet & Victor Henri

Question 25

They published a 30-item “measuring scale of intelligence” assigned to help identify Paris schoolchildren with intellectual disability.

Answer 25

Alfred Binet & Theodore Simon (Binet Test)

Question 26

This test launch both the intelligence testing movement and the clinical testing movement.

Answer 26

Binet Test

Question 27

He introduced a test designed to measure intelligence among adults.

Answer 27

David Wechsler

Question 28

What is the name of Wechsler’s adult intelligence test?

Answer 28

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

Question 29

According to David Wechsler, it was the “aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his environment”.

Answer 29

Intelligence

Question 30

It is a natural outgrowth of the individually administered intelligence test. It came into being in the US in response to the military’s need for an efficient method of screening the intellectual ability of WWI recruits.

Answer 30

Group Intelligence Test

Question 31

It was assigned the task of developing a measure of adjustment and emotional stability that could be administered quickly and efficiently to groups of recruit.

Answer 31

Committee on Emotional Fitness

Question 32

Who chaired the committee on emotional fitness?

Answer 32

Robert S. Woodworth

Question 33

To disguise the true purpose of the test developed by the committee on emotional fitness, the questionnaire was labeled as ____.

Answer 33

Personal Data Sheet

Question 34

It is a personality test developed by Robert S. Woodworth for civilian use that was based on the Personal Data Sheet.

Answer 34

Woodworth Psychoneurotic Inventory

Question 35

It is the first widely used self-report measure of personality.

Answer 35

Woodworth Psychoneurotic Inventory

Question 36

It refers to a process whereby assesses themselves supply assessment-related information by responding to questions, keeping a diary, or self-monitoring thoughts or behaviors.

Answer 36

Self-Report

Question 37

What is an advantage of the self-report test?

Answer 37

Respondents are arguably the best-qualified people to provide answers about themselves.

Question 38

What are the cons of a self-report test?

Answer 38

1. Respondents may have poor insight into themselves.
2. People might honestly believe some things about themselves that in reality are not true.
3. Some respondents are unwilling to reveal anything about themselves that is personal or that could show them in a negative light.

Question 39

It is a test in which an individual is assumed to “project” onto some ambiguous stimulus his/her own unique needs, fears, hopes, and motivation. The ambiguous stimulus might be an inkblot, a drawing, or a photograph.

Answer 39

Projective Test

Question 40

It is the best known of all projective test. It involves a series of inkblots developed by Hermann Rorschach.

Answer 40

Rorschach Test

Question 41

They popularized the used of pictures as projective stimuli.

Answer 41

Henry A. Murray & Christiana D. Morgan

Question 42

It refers to the socially transmitted behavior patterns, beliefs, and products of work of a particular population, community, or group of people.

Answer 42

Culture

Question 43

He was highly instrumental in getting Binet’s test adopted to measure the intelligence of people seeking to immigrate to the United States (he was the chief researcher).

Answer 43

Henry H. Goddard

Question 44

He raised questions about how meaningful such tests are when used with people from various cultural and language background. He used interpreters in test administration, employed a bilingual psychologist, and administered mental test to selected immigrants who appeared to bee mentally retarded to trained observers.

Answer 44

Henry H. Goddard

Question 45

He had written extensively on the genetic nature of mental deficiency but did not conclude that these findings were the result of hereditary. Rather, he wondered aloud whether the findings were due to “hereditary defect” or apparent defect due to deprivation.

Answer 45

Henry H. Goddard

Question 46

Henry Goddard coined the term ____.

Answer 46

Moron

Question 47

He recommended the segregation of mentally deficient individuals.

Answer 47

Henry H. Goddard

Question 48

It is a measure of intelligence administered to a would-be American to evaluate them with respect to physical, mental, and other variables. (Immigrants who failed the test were returned to their country of origin.)

Answer 48

Block Design Test

Question 49

One way that early test developers attempted to deal with the impact of language and culture on tests of mental ability was to?

Answer 49

Isolate the cultural variable

Question 50

Tests that are designed for use with people from one culture but not from another.
(Even though many published testes were purposely designed to be this, it soon became apparent that the tests were being administered improperly to people of different cultures.)

Answer 50

Culture Specific Test

Question 51

According to Niel Aggarwal, it influence when, where, how, and to whom patients narrate their experiences of distress, the pattering of symptoms recognized as illnesses, and the models clinician use to interpret symptoms through diagnoses. It also shapes perceptions of care and expectations of treatment.

Answer 51

Culture

Question 52

Hoffman believed that these tests relied too heavily on testtaker’s quickness of response and as such discriminated against the individual who is characteristically a “deep, brooding thinker”.

Answer 52

Multiple-Choice Items or Timed tests of ability

Question 53

It is characterized by value being placed on traits such as self-reliance, autonomy, independence, uniqueness, and competitiveness.

Answer 53

Individualist Culture

Question 54

A person raised in this culture is organized and made meaningful behaviors primarily by reference to one’s own internal repertoire of thoughts, feelings, and action rather than of others.

Answer 54

Individualist Culture

Question 55

It is typically associated with dominant culture in countries such as US & Great Britain.

Answer 55

Individualist Culture

Question 56

They believe that people raised in Western culture tend to see themselves as having a unique constellation of traits that are stable over time and through situations.

Answer 56

Markus and Kitayama

Question 57

It is a culture where value is placed on traits such as conformity, cooperation, interdependence, and striving toward group goals.

Answer 57

Collectivist Culture

Question 58

A person raised in this culture see themselves as part of a larger whole, with much greater connectedness to others. They believe that one’s behavior is determined, contingent on, and organized by the thoughts, feelings, and actions of others in the relationship.

Answer 58

Collectivist Culture

Question 59

It is typically associated with dominant culture in many countries throughout Asia, Latin America, and Africa.

Answer 59

Collective Culture

Question 60

It is a tool of assessment that comprehensively accounts for all relevant cultural factors that can be used in a standardized way.

Answer 60

DSM-5 Core Cultural Formulation Interview (CFI)

Question 61

A body of principles of right, proper, or good conduct.

Answer 61

Ethics

Question 62

Rules that individuals must obey for the good of the society as a whole.

Answer 62

Laws

Question 63

It is recognized and accepted by members of a profession, it defines the standard of care expected of members of that profession.

Answer 63

Code of Professional Ethics

Question 64

The level at which the average, reasonable, and prudent professional would provide diagnostic or therapeutic services under the same or similar conditions.

Answer 64

Standard of Care

Question 65

Level of tests or aids that can be adequately be administered, scored, and interpreted with the aid of the manual and general orientation to the kind of institution or organization in which one is working. Examples are achievement or proficiency tests.

Answer 65

Level A

Question 66

Level of tests or aids that require some technical knowledge of test construction and use and of supporting psychological and educational fields such as statistics, individual differences, psychology of adjustment, personnel psychology, and guidance. Examples are aptitude tests and adjustment inventories applicable to normal populations.

Answer 66

Level B

Question 67

Level of tests and aids that require substantial understanding of testing and supporting psychological fields together with supervised experience in the use of these devices. Examples are projective test and individual mental tests.

Answer 67

Level C

Question 68

It presents standards for educational test developers in:
1. Developing or selecting tests
2. Interpreting scores
3. Striving for fairness
4. Informing testtakers

Answer 68

Code of Fair Testing Practices in Education

Question 69

It requires certain skills, talent, expertise, and training in psychology and measurement over and above that required to engage in psychological testing.

Answer 69

Psychological Assessment

Question 70

The launching of this satellite into space by the USSR or Soviet Union had a momentous effect on testing in the US.

Answer 70

Sputnik

Question 71

Formal testing programs designed to be used in decisions regarding various aspects of student’s education. The data from these were used in decision making about grade promotions, awarding of diplomas, and identification of areas for remedial instruction.

Answer 71

Minimum Competency Testing Programs

Question 72

Its primary objective was to give test takers a way to learn the criteria by which they are being judged.

Answer 72

Truth-in-testing Legislation

Question 73

A selection procedure whereby a fixed number or percentage of applications from certain backgrounds were selected.

Answer 73

Quota System

Question 74

It refers to the practice of making distinctions in hiring, promotion, or other selection decisions that tend to systemically favor members of a majority group regardless of actual qualifications for positions. It may occur as the result of intentional or unintentional action on the part of the employer.

Answer 74

Discrimination

Question 75

It is the practice of making distinctions in hiring, promotion, or other selection decisions that systemically tend to favor racially, ethically, socioeconomically, or culturally diverse persons regardless of actual classifications for positions.

Answer 75

Reverse Discrimination

Question 76

It refers to the consequence of an employer’s hiring or promotion practice that was intentionally devised to yield some discriminatory result or outcome.

Answer 76

Disparate Treatment

Question 77

It refers to the consequence of an employer’s hiring or promotion practice that unintentionally yielded a discriminatory result or outcome.

Answer 77

Disparate Impact

Question 78

Court-mediated resolution of legal matters of a civil, criminal, or administrative nature. It has sometimes been referred to as “judge-made law” because it typically comes in the form of a ruling by a court.

Answer 78

Litigation

Question 79

It is a document that set forth testing standards and technical recommendation.

Answer 79

Technical Recommendations for Psychological Tests and Diagnostic Tests

Question 80

He proposed a number of standards for tests and guidelines for test development. He also wrote of the “urgent need for a fact-finding organization which will undertake impartial, experimental, and statistical evaluation of tests”.

Answer 80

Ruch

Question 81

What are the challenges involved in testing people with disabilities?

Answer 81

1. Transforming the test into a form that can be taken by the testtaker.
2. Transforming the responses of the testtaker so that they are scorable.
3. Meaningfully interpreting the test data

Question 82

It is a request for assistance in dying that is granted only contingent on the findings of psychological evaluations. Life or death literally hangs in the balance of such assessment.

Answer 82

“Death with Dignity” Legislation

Question 83

What are the rights of testtakers?

Answer 83

1. The right of informed consent
2. The right to be informed of test findings
3. The right to privacy and confidentiality
4. The right to a least stigmatizing label

Question 84

It is used in research and experimental situations which the examiner’s complete disclosure of facts about testing might irrevocably contaminate the test data.

Answer 84

Deception

Question 85

APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct says this about deception:

Answer 85

1. Do not use deception unless it is absolutely necessary.
2. Do not use deception at all if it will cause participants emotional distress.
3. Fully debrief participants.

Question 86

(T/F) Clinicians should not necessarily assume that patients are not capable of consent based solely on their diagnosis.

Answer 86

True

Question 87

If a testtaker is incapable of providing an informed consent to testing, consent may be obtained from ____.

Answer 87

Parent or legal representative

Question 88

Consent must be in what form?

Answer 88

Written form

Question 89

The written consent form should specify:

Answer 89

1. The general purpose of the testing
2. The specific reason it is being undertaken in the present case
3. The general type of instruments to be administered

Question 90

It is the most important part of the evaluation process in a psychological test.

Answer 90

Communication of results

Question 91

It recognizes the freedom of the individual to pick and choose for himself the time, circumstances, and particularly the extent to which he wishes to share or withhold from others his attitudes, beliefs, behavior, and opinions.

Answer 91

Privacy Right

Question 92

Information that is withheld in such a manner. It is information that is protected by law from disclosure in a legal proceeding.

Answer 92

Privileged Infomation

Question 93

It protects clients from disclosure in judicial proceedings. It is not absolute: “protective privilege ends where the public peril begins”.

Answer 93

Privileged Information

Question 94

Information between a patient and a therapist cannot be shared with anyone.

Answer 94

Confidentiality

Question 95

The privilege in the psychologist-client belongs to the ____.

Answer 95

Client

Question 96

According to the critics, they change the dynamics of the assessment by a social influence process that may result in the increase or decrease in the assessee’s observed performance.

Answer 96

Third Party Observers