Chaper 1 Flashcards
Noun
Person, Place thing or Idea.
Nouns are either singular or plural, leading to additional categories; regular/irregular nouns and Countable/uncountable
Noun test:
1. Place a determiner (interrogative, demonstrative pronoun, article or possessive noun) in front of the word. if it makes sense it is a noun.
- Also substitute a pronoun for the word
Pronoun
Personal
A word that takes the place of a noun:
- Personal pronouns: Indicates 1st 2nd 3rd person, singular/plural, gender
a. Nominative/subjective pronouns: The form used for the subject of a sentence
b. Objective pronouns: The form used is direct/indirect object or object of a preposition. (This form naturally follows the word to)
c. Reflexive/intensive pronouns: the form used to refer back to a noun/pronoun used in an earlier sentence. Necessary for clarity of meaning; optional for emphasis
d. Possessive pronouns: used to show possession of a noun.
Two forms, determiner and pronoun form. in determiner form they function as adjectives.
Each category has both a singular and plural form
Pronoun
Impersonal
A word that takes the place of a noun:
Impersonal Pronouns: cannot be inflected to reflect person, plurality, gender. They can be inflected to indicate possession.
a. Indefinite pronoun: used to take the place of a noun which cannot be named specifically. (often begin with some, every, no) Words that specify a number or amount can also be indefinite pronouns (each, many, both).
Reciprocal Pronouns: indicate reciprocity, either singular or plural. (Each other vs one another) can also be used as determiners when possessive
Interrogative pronouns: Pronouns used to begin a questions. when they immediately precede a noun they are adjectives.
Demonstrative Pronouns: used to point out a specific noun. Only this, that, these, those. they indicate distance from speaker this these are close that those indicate distance. function as determiners when they precede a noun.
Verb
Action
Shows action
Types
1. Transitive Verb: followed by an object indicating who or what receives the action
- Intransitive verbs: not followed by an object
Verb
State of Being
Shows state of being (existence)
- Be Verbs: conjugations of the verb “be”
- Linking Verbs: links subject and object. can be replaced with a form of “be” without changing the meaning of the sentence
Verb phrases
auxiliaries
Verb phrases are a string of helping (auxiliaries)verbs that together alter the meaning of the main verb.
Types of Auxiliaries
- Modals: indicate likelihood (might), ability (can), permission (may), and obligation (must).
- Forms of have
- Forms of be
- Forms of do:Used to form questions, make statements negative, add emphasis.
The first three always appear in the order of:
Modal+have+be+main verb
Adjective
An Adjective is a word that modifies a noun or pronoun.
Typically answers the questions:
- Which one (the, a, an)
- How many (no, three, some)
- What kind (purple, crap)
Placement: Either before the noun/pronoun modified (Attributive) or after a be/linking verb(predicate adjective/subjective complement)
Adverb
Modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb.
Adverbs answer the questions:
- How/in what manner/under what condition (curtly, burly, early)
- When (today)
- Where (downtown)
When an adverb phrase/clause they also answer
4. Why/for what purpose? (improve her health)
Testing for advebs:
Typically adverbs can be moved without changing a sentence.
Preposition
a word that relates a noun/pronoun to the rest of the sentence.
They can express time (during) and condition (despite)
Prepositional phrase
Words expressing time (after), location (between), or condition (except) followed by a noun/pronoun
All Prepositional phrases act as either an adjective or adverb.
When a pp is located between a subject and verb it typically acts as an ADJ modifying the noun
Conjunctions
A word that connects words, phrases, or clauses.
Types
- Coordinating conjunctions: FANBOYS
- Subordinating Conjunctions: join an adverb clause to the main clause of a sentence.
- Correlative conjunctions: occurs in pairs (either/or, not only/but also)
- Conjunctive adverbs: follows a semicolon
Interjection
Expresses emotion.
