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PSYC 2600 > chap 9 > Flashcards

chap 9 Flashcards

1
Q

what is self esteem?

A

the extent to which you like yourself

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2
Q

people with high self esteem have..,

A

greater persistence after failure, cope more effectively with stress, are happier, have better relationships, better academics, etc

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3
Q

T or F: things about ourselves are remembered better than things not connected to ourselves?

A

T

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4
Q

T or F: feelings are attached to self-aspects?

A

True: you have different selves…student, employee, partner, etc

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5
Q

what is explicit self esteem?

A

a mix of how you rate yourself and how you might want to rate yourself

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6
Q

what is implicit self esteem?

A

not always consistent/reliable

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7
Q

what can happen with high explicit or low implicit self esteem?

A

narcissism, fragile self esteem, social desirability issues

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8
Q

How does Carl Rogers explain self esteem?

A

-self esteem is the feeling that one is accepted/worthy by others
-we get self esteem when others validate our self-expression

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9
Q

How does Mark Leary think of self esteem?

A

that self esteem is a fundamental need
-exclusion lowers self esteem but inclusion doesn’t consistently raise self esteem

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10
Q

what is the self esteem “sociometer”

A

monitors the degree to which the individual is included/excluded from a group.
-exclusion could be fatal
-lowering esteem produces anxiety

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11
Q

what is terror management theory?

A

an existential-evolutionary theory
-survival as prime motivation
-humans knowledge of own mortality
-angsty

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12
Q

what is the purpose of terror management theory?

A

by identifying with a social or cultural group we protect ourselves from the threat of death

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13
Q

why do week seek self-esteem?

A

to buffer ourselves against terror of our own mortality

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14
Q

in terror management theory, if one’s mortality is salientc one is motivated to…

A

self enhance, promote our ID to in-group members, identify with symbols of culture, punish out-group members

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15
Q

what is self-compassion?

A

treating oneself with kindness, recognizing one’s shared humanity, and being mindful when considering negative aspects of oneself, accepting failure as a part of life, present with discomfort>avoidance, etc

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16
Q

what does it mean to be well adjusted?

A

low anxiety/stress, happiness and life satisfaction, ability to adapt to change,

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17
Q

what is personality (according to Larsen, et al)

A

personality is the set of psychological traits and mechanisms within the individual that are organized and relatively enduring, and that influence his/her interactions with and adaptions to the intrapsychic, physical, and social environments
ie. personality has implications for how we adjust to the world

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18
Q

T or F your body seeks balance (homeostasis) in an evolving and changing environment

A

T

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19
Q

what is allostasis?

A

The process of adapting/returning to homeostasis

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20
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

The tendency of the human body to seek balance, equilibrium, and stability

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21
Q

what is allostatic load?

A

The wear and tear on the body as it tries to adjust to ongoing chronic stress

22
Q

what is stress?

A

A feeling: worry, anxiety, agitation, fear
A thought: “what do I do” or “I don’t think I can handle this”
A physiological response: increased heart rate, blood pressure, fight/flight/freeze

23
Q

T or F stress is a biopsychosocial process?

A

T

24
Q

what is a stressor?

A

an event/situation usually outside the person that is interpreted by individual in a way that activates stress process

25
Q

what is the stress process?

A

respond to threat, then return body to baseline (homeostasis)

26
Q

Name 5 examples of stressors:

A
  1. death injury, or loss of a loved one.
  2. losing a job
  3. unexplained lump on body
  4. missing a bus
  5. debt
27
Q

what are the characteristics of acute stress?

A

flashbacks, nightmares, or intrusive memories, avoidance, misremembering, dissociation, anxiety, irritability, difficulty concentrating

28
Q

what are characteristics of chronic stress?

A

anxiety, insomnia, muscle pain, high blood pressure, and weakened immune system

29
Q

what are characteristics of episodic stress?

A

repeated episodes of acute stress:
ceaseless worrying, irritability, hypertension, anxiousness

30
Q

what are the characteristics of traumatic stress?

A

severe threat with long-term consequences
difficulty controlling emotion, detachment, hyper arousal, irritability, mood, swings, trouble, concentrating, trouble, sleeping, avoidance, guilt, memory loss, etc

31
Q

what are the stages of physiological responses to stressors? (general adaption syndrome)

A

alarm: fight or flight: release of adrenaline, high blood pressure
-resistance: depleting resources: bodies defence is reduced, repair muscle tissue
-exhaustion: susceptible to illness

32
Q

what is a primary appraisal of stressors?

A

asking “what is at stake? any threat or harm?”

33
Q

what is secondary appraisal of stressors?

A

asking “what can i do about it? do i have sufficient resources (money, time) to deal with it?

34
Q

what is cognitive appraisal? (evaluation)

A

and assessment of emotions in a situation, where a person evaluates how the event will affect them

35
Q

what is coping?

A

The cognitive and behavioural efforts to manage or alleviate perceived demands.
like using social support, problem focussing, managing emotions, helping others

36
Q

what is cognitive reframing?

A

looking at problems as challenges that can be overcome

37
Q

T or F: personality influences primary appraisal?

A

T: optimism and pessimism

38
Q

T or F: personality influences secondary appraisal?

A

T: conscientiousness, extraversion

39
Q

T or F: personality influences coping?

A

T: ego-strength, self-esteem

40
Q

T or F: personality moderates effects of stressors on coping and adaption?

A

T

41
Q

what is hardiness? (CCC)

A

commitment: I have goals to which I am committed
control: I am in control of my destiny
challenge: tend to appraise things as challenges vs threats

42
Q

What happened in the Kobasa, Maddi and Kahn (1982) study about managers at firm going through job loss?

A

those with high scores on commitment, control, and challenge before job loss are less likely to get depressed and/or sick

43
Q

what happened in the Cohen et al (2003) study where 334 quarantine volunteers were exposed to rhinovirus?

A

-administered personality questionnaires, assessed social network size, social interactions,
-sociability = extraversion + agreeableness + positive relationship style
-measured symptoms of common cold.
- those with high sociability have less colds, those with the low, have double the amount

44
Q

what things increase susceptibility of a common cold?

A

stressful events, poverty, frequent moves in childhood

45
Q

what things decrease susceptibility to a common cold?

A

social integration, perceived social support, sociability, positive effectivity

46
Q

what is the order of the interaction model of stress?

A

stressor > coping & personality > physiological response > illness or adjustment

47
Q

T or F: personality is a factor of cardiovascular diseases?

A

T: type A are more susceptible to cardiovascular diseases due to their time urgency, frustration, and competitiveness

48
Q

T or F: strokes are occurring to men and women in their 30s?

A

T: research suggests the events in childhood initiate the process

49
Q

T or F: many diseases have a psychological component?

A

T: stress is a key factor in many diseases

50
Q

what roles of personality are played in the stress process? EAR

A

influencing the experiences we have (exposure), influencing, how we interpret experiences (appraisals), and influencing how we cope with experiences (responses)

51
Q

T or F: personality factors are associated with both stress and disorders?

A

T: found in neuroticism

52
Q

T or F: change is often a big source of stress

A

T

PSYC 2600 (10 decks)

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