chap 9 Flashcards
what is self esteem?
the extent to which you like yourself
people with high self esteem have..,
greater persistence after failure, cope more effectively with stress, are happier, have better relationships, better academics, etc
T or F: things about ourselves are remembered better than things not connected to ourselves?
T
T or F: feelings are attached to self-aspects?
True: you have different selves…student, employee, partner, etc
what is explicit self esteem?
a mix of how you rate yourself and how you might want to rate yourself
what is implicit self esteem?
not always consistent/reliable
what can happen with high explicit or low implicit self esteem?
narcissism, fragile self esteem, social desirability issues
How does Carl Rogers explain self esteem?
-self esteem is the feeling that one is accepted/worthy by others
-we get self esteem when others validate our self-expression
How does Mark Leary think of self esteem?
that self esteem is a fundamental need
-exclusion lowers self esteem but inclusion doesn’t consistently raise self esteem
what is the self esteem “sociometer”
monitors the degree to which the individual is included/excluded from a group.
-exclusion could be fatal
-lowering esteem produces anxiety
what is terror management theory?
an existential-evolutionary theory
-survival as prime motivation
-humans knowledge of own mortality
-angsty
what is the purpose of terror management theory?
by identifying with a social or cultural group we protect ourselves from the threat of death
why do week seek self-esteem?
to buffer ourselves against terror of our own mortality
in terror management theory, if one’s mortality is salientc one is motivated to…
self enhance, promote our ID to in-group members, identify with symbols of culture, punish out-group members
what is self-compassion?
treating oneself with kindness, recognizing one’s shared humanity, and being mindful when considering negative aspects of oneself, accepting failure as a part of life, present with discomfort>avoidance, etc
what does it mean to be well adjusted?
low anxiety/stress, happiness and life satisfaction, ability to adapt to change,
what is personality (according to Larsen, et al)
personality is the set of psychological traits and mechanisms within the individual that are organized and relatively enduring, and that influence his/her interactions with and adaptions to the intrapsychic, physical, and social environments
ie. personality has implications for how we adjust to the world
T or F your body seeks balance (homeostasis) in an evolving and changing environment
T
what is allostasis?
The process of adapting/returning to homeostasis
what is homeostasis?
The tendency of the human body to seek balance, equilibrium, and stability
what is allostatic load?
The wear and tear on the body as it tries to adjust to ongoing chronic stress
what is stress?
A feeling: worry, anxiety, agitation, fear
A thought: “what do I do” or “I don’t think I can handle this”
A physiological response: increased heart rate, blood pressure, fight/flight/freeze
T or F stress is a biopsychosocial process?
T
what is a stressor?
an event/situation usually outside the person that is interpreted by individual in a way that activates stress process
what is the stress process?
respond to threat, then return body to baseline (homeostasis)
Name 5 examples of stressors:
- death injury, or loss of a loved one.
- losing a job
- unexplained lump on body
- missing a bus
- debt
what are the characteristics of acute stress?
flashbacks, nightmares, or intrusive memories, avoidance, misremembering, dissociation, anxiety, irritability, difficulty concentrating
what are characteristics of chronic stress?
anxiety, insomnia, muscle pain, high blood pressure, and weakened immune system
what are characteristics of episodic stress?
repeated episodes of acute stress:
ceaseless worrying, irritability, hypertension, anxiousness
what are the characteristics of traumatic stress?
severe threat with long-term consequences
difficulty controlling emotion, detachment, hyper arousal, irritability, mood, swings, trouble, concentrating, trouble, sleeping, avoidance, guilt, memory loss, etc
what are the stages of physiological responses to stressors? (general adaption syndrome)
alarm: fight or flight: release of adrenaline, high blood pressure
-resistance: depleting resources: bodies defence is reduced, repair muscle tissue
-exhaustion: susceptible to illness
what is a primary appraisal of stressors?
asking “what is at stake? any threat or harm?”
what is secondary appraisal of stressors?
asking “what can i do about it? do i have sufficient resources (money, time) to deal with it?
what is cognitive appraisal? (evaluation)
and assessment of emotions in a situation, where a person evaluates how the event will affect them
what is coping?
The cognitive and behavioural efforts to manage or alleviate perceived demands.
like using social support, problem focussing, managing emotions, helping others
what is cognitive reframing?
looking at problems as challenges that can be overcome
T or F: personality influences primary appraisal?
T: optimism and pessimism
T or F: personality influences secondary appraisal?
T: conscientiousness, extraversion
T or F: personality influences coping?
T: ego-strength, self-esteem
T or F: personality moderates effects of stressors on coping and adaption?
T
what is hardiness? (CCC)
commitment: I have goals to which I am committed
control: I am in control of my destiny
challenge: tend to appraise things as challenges vs threats
What happened in the Kobasa, Maddi and Kahn (1982) study about managers at firm going through job loss?
those with high scores on commitment, control, and challenge before job loss are less likely to get depressed and/or sick
what happened in the Cohen et al (2003) study where 334 quarantine volunteers were exposed to rhinovirus?
-administered personality questionnaires, assessed social network size, social interactions,
-sociability = extraversion + agreeableness + positive relationship style
-measured symptoms of common cold.
- those with high sociability have less colds, those with the low, have double the amount
what things increase susceptibility of a common cold?
stressful events, poverty, frequent moves in childhood
what things decrease susceptibility to a common cold?
social integration, perceived social support, sociability, positive effectivity
what is the order of the interaction model of stress?
stressor > coping & personality > physiological response > illness or adjustment
T or F: personality is a factor of cardiovascular diseases?
T: type A are more susceptible to cardiovascular diseases due to their time urgency, frustration, and competitiveness
T or F: strokes are occurring to men and women in their 30s?
T: research suggests the events in childhood initiate the process
T or F: many diseases have a psychological component?
T: stress is a key factor in many diseases
what roles of personality are played in the stress process? EAR
influencing the experiences we have (exposure), influencing, how we interpret experiences (appraisals), and influencing how we cope with experiences (responses)
T or F: personality factors are associated with both stress and disorders?
T: found in neuroticism
T or F: change is often a big source of stress
T
