chap 9

Question 1

what is self esteem?

Answer 1

the extent to which you like yourself

Question 2

people with high self esteem have..,

Answer 2

greater persistence after failure, cope more effectively with stress, are happier, have better relationships, better academics, etc

Question 3

T or F: things about ourselves are remembered better than things not connected to ourselves?

Answer 3

T

Question 4

T or F: feelings are attached to self-aspects?

Answer 4

True: you have different selves…student, employee, partner, etc

Question 5

what is explicit self esteem?

Answer 5

a mix of how you rate yourself and how you might want to rate yourself

Question 6

what is implicit self esteem?

Answer 6

not always consistent/reliable

Question 7

what can happen with high explicit or low implicit self esteem?

Answer 7

narcissism, fragile self esteem, social desirability issues

Question 8

How does Carl Rogers explain self esteem?

Answer 8

-self esteem is the feeling that one is accepted/worthy by others
-we get self esteem when others validate our self-expression

Question 9

How does Mark Leary think of self esteem?

Answer 9

that self esteem is a fundamental need
-exclusion lowers self esteem but inclusion doesn’t consistently raise self esteem

Question 10

what is the self esteem “sociometer”

Answer 10

monitors the degree to which the individual is included/excluded from a group.
-exclusion could be fatal
-lowering esteem produces anxiety

Question 11

what is terror management theory?

Answer 11

an existential-evolutionary theory
-survival as prime motivation
-humans knowledge of own mortality
-angsty

Question 12

what is the purpose of terror management theory?

Answer 12

by identifying with a social or cultural group we protect ourselves from the threat of death

Question 13

why do week seek self-esteem?

Answer 13

to buffer ourselves against terror of our own mortality

Question 14

in terror management theory, if one’s mortality is salientc one is motivated to…

Answer 14

self enhance, promote our ID to in-group members, identify with symbols of culture, punish out-group members

Question 15

what is self-compassion?

Answer 15

treating oneself with kindness, recognizing one’s shared humanity, and being mindful when considering negative aspects of oneself, accepting failure as a part of life, present with discomfort>avoidance, etc

Question 16

what does it mean to be well adjusted?

Answer 16

low anxiety/stress, happiness and life satisfaction, ability to adapt to change,

Question 17

what is personality (according to Larsen, et al)

Answer 17

personality is the set of psychological traits and mechanisms within the individual that are organized and relatively enduring, and that influence his/her interactions with and adaptions to the intrapsychic, physical, and social environments
ie. personality has implications for how we adjust to the world

Question 18

T or F your body seeks balance (homeostasis) in an evolving and changing environment

Answer 18

T

Question 19

what is allostasis?

Answer 19

The process of adapting/returning to homeostasis

Question 20

what is homeostasis?

Answer 20

The tendency of the human body to seek balance, equilibrium, and stability

Question 21

what is allostatic load?

Answer 21

The wear and tear on the body as it tries to adjust to ongoing chronic stress

Question 22

what is stress?

Answer 22

A feeling: worry, anxiety, agitation, fear
A thought: “what do I do” or “I don’t think I can handle this”
A physiological response: increased heart rate, blood pressure, fight/flight/freeze

Question 23

T or F stress is a biopsychosocial process?

Answer 23

T

Question 24

what is a stressor?

Answer 24

an event/situation usually outside the person that is interpreted by individual in a way that activates stress process

Question 25

what is the stress process?

Answer 25

respond to threat, then return body to baseline (homeostasis)

Question 26

Name 5 examples of stressors:

Answer 26

1. death injury, or loss of a loved one. 2. losing a job 3. unexplained lump on body 4. missing a bus 5. debt

Question 27

what are the characteristics of acute stress?

Answer 27

flashbacks, nightmares, or intrusive memories, avoidance, misremembering, dissociation, anxiety, irritability, difficulty concentrating

Question 28

what are characteristics of chronic stress?

Answer 28

anxiety, insomnia, muscle pain, high blood pressure, and weakened immune system

Question 29

what are characteristics of episodic stress?

Answer 29

repeated episodes of acute stress: ceaseless worrying, irritability, hypertension, anxiousness

Question 30

what are the characteristics of traumatic stress?

Answer 30

severe threat with long-term consequences difficulty controlling emotion, detachment, hyper arousal, irritability, mood, swings, trouble, concentrating, trouble, sleeping, avoidance, guilt, memory loss, etc

Question 31

what are the stages of physiological responses to stressors? (general adaption syndrome)

Answer 31

alarm: fight or flight: release of adrenaline, high blood pressure -resistance: depleting resources: bodies defence is reduced, repair muscle tissue -exhaustion: susceptible to illness

Question 32

what is a primary appraisal of stressors?

Answer 32

asking “what is at stake? any threat or harm?”

Question 33

what is secondary appraisal of stressors?

Answer 33

asking “what can i do about it? do i have sufficient resources (money, time) to deal with it?

Question 34

what is cognitive appraisal? (evaluation)

Answer 34

and assessment of emotions in a situation, where a person evaluates how the event will affect them

Question 35

what is coping?

Answer 35

The cognitive and behavioural efforts to manage or alleviate perceived demands. like using social support, problem focussing, managing emotions, helping others

Question 36

what is cognitive reframing?

Answer 36

looking at problems as challenges that can be overcome

Question 37

T or F: personality influences primary appraisal?

Answer 37

T: optimism and pessimism

Question 38

T or F: personality influences secondary appraisal?

Answer 38

T: conscientiousness, extraversion

Question 39

T or F: personality influences coping?

Answer 39

T: ego-strength, self-esteem

Question 40

T or F: personality moderates effects of stressors on coping and adaption?

Answer 40

T

Question 41

what is hardiness? (CCC)

Answer 41

commitment: I have goals to which I am committed control: I am in control of my destiny challenge: tend to appraise things as challenges vs threats

Question 42

What happened in the Kobasa, Maddi and Kahn (1982) study about managers at firm going through job loss?

Answer 42

those with high scores on commitment, control, and challenge before job loss are less likely to get depressed and/or sick

Question 43

what happened in the Cohen et al (2003) study where 334 quarantine volunteers were exposed to rhinovirus?

Answer 43

-administered personality questionnaires, assessed social network size, social interactions, -sociability = extraversion + agreeableness + positive relationship style -measured symptoms of common cold. - those with high sociability have less colds, those with the low, have double the amount

Question 44

what things increase susceptibility of a common cold?

Answer 44

stressful events, poverty, frequent moves in childhood

Question 45

what things decrease susceptibility to a common cold?

Answer 45

social integration, perceived social support, sociability, positive effectivity

Question 46

what is the order of the interaction model of stress?

Answer 46

stressor > coping & personality > physiological response > illness or adjustment

Question 47

T or F: personality is a factor of cardiovascular diseases?

Answer 47

T: type A are more susceptible to cardiovascular diseases due to their time urgency, frustration, and competitiveness

Question 48

T or F: strokes are occurring to men and women in their 30s?

Answer 48

T: research suggests the events in childhood initiate the process

Question 49

T or F: many diseases have a psychological component?

Answer 49

T: stress is a key factor in many diseases

Question 50

what roles of personality are played in the stress process? EAR

Answer 50

influencing the experiences we have (exposure), influencing, how we interpret experiences (appraisals), and influencing how we cope with experiences (responses)

Question 51

T or F: personality factors are associated with both stress and disorders?

Answer 51

T: found in neuroticism

Question 52

T or F: change is often a big source of stress

Answer 52

T