chap 9

Question 1

motivation

Answer 1

The force that moves people to behave, think, and feel the way they do.

Question 2

instinct

Answer 2

An innate (unlearned) biologi- cal pattern of behavior that is assumed to be universal throughout a species.

Question 3

need

Answer 3

A deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or re- duce the deprivation.

Question 4

drive

Answer 4

An aroused state that occurs because of a physiological need.

Question 5

homeostasis

Answer 5

The body’s ten- dency to maintain an equilibrium, or steady state.

Question 6

Drive reduction theory

Answer 6

explains that as a drive becomes stronger, we are motivated to
reduce it.

Question 7

Yerkes-Dodson law

Answer 7

The psychological principle stating that performance is best under conditions of moderate arousal rather than either low or high arousal.

Question 8

set point

Answer 8

The weight main- tained when the individual makes no effort to gain or lose weight.

Question 9

estrogens

Answer 9

The class of sex hormones that predominate in females, produced mainly by the ovaries.

Question 10

androgens

Answer 10

The class of sex hormones that pre- dominate in males, produced by the testes in males and by the adrenal glands in both males and females.

Question 11

human sexual response pattern

Answer 11

According to Masters and Johnson, the characteristic sequence of physiological changes that humans experi- ence during sexual activity, consisting of four phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

Question 12

sexual orientation

Answer 12

The direction of an individual’s erotic interests, today viewed as a con- tinuum from exclusive male–female relations to exclusive same-sex relations.

Question 13

hierarchy of needs

Answer 13

Maslow’s theory that human needs must be satisfied in the following sequence: physiological needs, safety, love and belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization.

Question 14

self-actualization

Answer 14

The motivation to develop one’s full potential as a human being—the highest and most elusive of Maslow’s pro- posed need

Question 15

self-determination theory

Answer 15

Deci and Ryan’s theory asserting that all humans have three basic, innate organismic needs: competence, relatedness, and autonomy.

Question 16

intrinsic motivation

Answer 16

Motivation based on internal factors such as organismic needs (competence, related- ness, and autonomy), as
well as curiosity, challenge, and fun.

Question 17

extrinsic motivation

Answer 17

Motivation that involves external incentives such as rewards and punishments.

Question 18

self-regulation

Answer 18

The process by which an organism effortfully controls its behavior in order to pur- sue important objectives.

Question 19

emotion

Answer 19

Feeling, or affect, that can involve physiological arousal (such as a fast heartbeat), conscious experi- ence (thinking about being in love with some- one), and behav- ioral expression (a smile or grimace).

Question 20

polygraph

Answer 20

A machine, commonly called a lie detector, that monitors changes in the body, and is used to try to determine whether someone is lying.

Question 21

James-Lange theory

Answer 21

The theory that emotion results from physiological states triggered by stimuli in the environment.

Question 22

Cannon-Bard theory

Answer 22

The proposition that emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously

Question 23

two-factor theory of emotion

Answer 23

Schachter and Singer’s the- ory that emotion is deter- mined by two factors: physiological arousal and cognitive labeling.

Question 24

facial feedback hypothesis

Answer 24

The idea that facial expressions can influence emotions as well as reflect them.

Question 25

display rules

Answer 25

Sociocultural standards that determine when, where, and how emotions should be expressed.

Question 26

negative affect

Answer 26

Negative emotions such as anger, guilt, and sadness.