chap 9 Flashcards
motivation
The force that moves people to behave, think, and feel the way they do.
instinct
An innate (unlearned) biologi- cal pattern of behavior that is assumed to be universal throughout a species.
need
A deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or re- duce the deprivation.
drive
An aroused state that occurs because of a physiological need.
homeostasis
The body’s ten- dency to maintain an equilibrium, or steady state.
Drive reduction theory
explains that as a drive becomes stronger, we are motivated to
reduce it.
Yerkes-Dodson law
The psychological principle stating that performance is best under conditions of moderate arousal rather than either low or high arousal.
set point
The weight main- tained when the individual makes no effort to gain or lose weight.
estrogens
The class of sex hormones that predominate in females, produced mainly by the ovaries.
androgens
The class of sex hormones that pre- dominate in males, produced by the testes in males and by the adrenal glands in both males and females.
human sexual response pattern
According to Masters and Johnson, the characteristic sequence of physiological changes that humans experi- ence during sexual activity, consisting of four phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
sexual orientation
The direction of an individual’s erotic interests, today viewed as a con- tinuum from exclusive male–female relations to exclusive same-sex relations.
hierarchy of needs
Maslow’s theory that human needs must be satisfied in the following sequence: physiological needs, safety, love and belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization.
self-actualization
The motivation to develop one’s full potential as a human being—the highest and most elusive of Maslow’s pro- posed need
self-determination theory
Deci and Ryan’s theory asserting that all humans have three basic, innate organismic needs: competence, relatedness, and autonomy.
intrinsic motivation
Motivation based on internal factors such as organismic needs (competence, related- ness, and autonomy), as
well as curiosity, challenge, and fun.
extrinsic motivation
Motivation that involves external incentives such as rewards and punishments.
self-regulation
The process by which an organism effortfully controls its behavior in order to pur- sue important objectives.
emotion
Feeling, or affect, that can involve physiological arousal (such as a fast heartbeat), conscious experi- ence (thinking about being in love with some- one), and behav- ioral expression (a smile or grimace).
polygraph
A machine, commonly called a lie detector, that monitors changes in the body, and is used to try to determine whether someone is lying.
James-Lange theory
The theory that emotion results from physiological states triggered by stimuli in the environment.
Cannon-Bard theory
The proposition that emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously
two-factor theory of emotion
Schachter and Singer’s the- ory that emotion is deter- mined by two factors: physiological arousal and cognitive labeling.
facial feedback hypothesis
The idea that facial expressions can influence emotions as well as reflect them.
