chap 11

Question 1

Social psychology

Answer 1

the study of how people think about influence and relate to other people

Question 2

Bystander effect

Answer 2

the tendency of an individual who observes an emergency to be less likely to help when other people are present than when the observer is alone

Question 3

Social cognition

Answer 3

the area of social psychology exploring how people select , interpret , remember , and use social information

Question 4

Person perception

Answer 4

the processes by which an individual uses social stimuli to form impressions of others

Question 5

Stereotype

Answer 5

A generalization about a group’s characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another

Question 6

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 6

Social expectations that cause an individual to act in such a way that the expectations are realized

Question 7

Stereotype threat

Answer 7

An individual’s fast-acting, self-fulfilling fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about his or her group

Question 8

Attribution theory

Answer 8

The view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior

Question 9

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 9

Observers overestimation of the importance of internal traits and underestimation of the importance of external situations when they seek explanations of another person’s behavior

Question 10

Self-serving bias

Answer 10

the tendency to take credit for one’s successes and to deny responsiblility for one’s failures

Question 11

False consensus effect

Answer 11

is the overestimation of the degree to which everybody else thinks or acts the way they do

Question 12

Positive illusions

Answer 12

favorable views of the self that are not necessarily rooted in reality

Question 13

Social comparison

Answer 13

the process by which individuals evaluate their thoughts , feelings , behaviors and ablilities in relation to others

Question 14

attitudes

Answer 14

An individual’s opinions and beliefs about people , objects , and ideas - how we feel about the world.

Question 15

Cognitive dissonance

Answer 15

An individual’s psychological discomfort ( dissonance ) caused by two inconsistent thoughts

Question 16

Self-perception theory

Answer 16

Bem’s theory on how behaviors influence attitudes stating that individuals make inferences about their attitudes by perseiving their behavior

Question 17

Persuasion

Answer 17

involves trying to change someone’s attitude and often behavior as well

Question 18

Elaboration likelihood model

Answer 18

Theory identifying two ways to persuade ; a central route and a peripheral route

Question 19

Central route

Answer 19

works by engaging the audience thoughtfully with a sound , logical argument.

Question 20

Peripheral route

Answer 20

involves factors such as the attractiveness of the person giving the message or the emotional power of an appeal

Question 21

Altruism

Answer 21

Giving to another person with the ultimate goal of benefiting that person , even if it incurs a cost to oneself

Question 22

Egoism

Answer 22

giving to another person to ensure reciprocity ; to gain self-esteem ; to present oneself as powerful , competent , or caring ; or to avoid social and self-censure for falling to live up to society’s expectations

Question 23

Empathy

Answer 23

A feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another person

Question 24

Personality

Answer 24

agreeableness is the personality trait most strongly associated eith prosocial behaviors

Question 25

Agression

Answer 25

Social behavior whose objective is to harm someone , either physically or verbally

Question 26

Overt aggression

Answer 26

Physical or verbal behavior that directly harms another person

Question 27

Relational aggression

Answer 27

Behavior that is meant to harm the social standing of another person

Question 28

Mere exposure effect

Answer 28

The phenonmenon that the more individuals encounter someone or something , the more probable it is that they will start liking the person or thing even if they do not realize they have seen it before

Question 29

Romantic love or passionate love

Answer 29

Love with strong components of sexuality and infatuation , often predominant in the early part of a love relationship

Question 30

Affectionate love or companionate love

Answer 30

love that occurs when an individual has a deep , caring affection for another person and desires to have that person near

Question 31

Social exchange theory

Answer 31

the view of social relaionships as involving an exhange of goods , the objective of which is to minimize costs and maximize benefits

Question 32

Investment model

Answer 32

A model of long term relationships that examines the ways that commitment, investment, and the availability of attractive alternative partners predict satisfaction and stability in relationships

Question 33

Conformity

Answer 33

A change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard.

Question 34

Informational social influence

Answer 34

The influence other people have on us because we want to be right

Question 35

Normative social influence

Answer 35

The influence other people have on us because we want them to lke us

Question 36

Obedience

Answer 36

Behavior that complies with the explicit demands of the individual in authority

Question 37

Deindividuation

Answer 37

the reduction in personal identity and erosion of the sense of personal responsibility when one is part of a group

Question 38

Social contagion

Answer 38

Imitative behavior involving the spread of behvior , emotions and ideas

Question 39

Social facilitation

Answer 39

Improvement in an individual's performance because of the presence of others

Question 40

Social loafing

Answer 40

refers to each person's tendency to exert less effort in a group because of reduced accountablility for individual effort

Question 41

Risky shift

Answer 41

The tendency for a group decision to be risker than the average decision made by the individual group members

Question 42

Group polarization effect

Answer 42

The solidification and further strengthening of an individuals position as a consequence of group discussion or interaction

Question 43

Groupthink

Answer 43

The impaired group decision making that occurs when making the right decision is less important than maintaining group harmony

Question 44

Social identity

Answer 44

The way individuals define themselves in terms of their group membership

Question 45

Social identity theory

Answer 45

The view that social identity is a crucial part of self-image and a valuable source of positive feelings about oneself

Question 46

In-group and Out-group

Answer 46

In-group is when we think of the group to which we belong in Out-groups is when a group has special value in comparison with other groups

Question 47

Ethnocentrism

Answer 47

The tendency to favor one's own ethnic group over other groups - it doesnt simply mean taking pride in one's group ; it also involves asserting the group's superiority over other groups

Question 48

Prejudice

Answer 48

is an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual's membership in a group

Question 49

Discrimination

Answer 49

An unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because the person belongs to that group

Question 50

Health disparities

Answer 50

refer to often preventable differences in physical functioning ( disease , injury , violence ) and psychological functionng 9 including depression and anxiety ) tht are experienced by socially disadvantged groups