Chap 9-12 Study Guide Flashcards
The gland that produces thymosin is the?
Thymus
The gland that produces melatonin is the ?
Pineal Gland
Te gland at produces testosterone is the ?
Testes
The gland that produces insulin and glucogon is the ?
Pancreas
The gland that acts as an antagonist to the thyroid gland is the ?
Parathyroid Gland
The gland that hangs from a stalk from the hypothalamus is the ?
Pituitary gland
The gland that is the major producer of female hormones is the ?
Ovaries
The gland that is primarily responsible for body metabolism is the ?
Thyroid
The gland situated around the thyroid that operates entirely under humoral control is the ?
Thymus
The hormones that operate by direct gene activation are steroid hormones and __________?
Thyroid hormone
Hormones that are released in response to changing blood levels are controlled by ___________ stimuli.
Humoral
The protein hormone released by the anterior pituitary responsible for maitaining milk production in breast feeding females is _______?
Prolactin
The target organ of thyrotropic stimulating hormone (TSH) is the _________ gland.
Thyroid
Alcohol surpresses the production of this hormone, ___________, which normally promotes water retention and prevents dehydration.
Mineralocorticoids
Thyroxine is known by an alternate name, ______, due to the # of iodine atoms it contains
T4
Calcitonin is made by the ___________ of the thyroid gland.
Parafollicular cells
Mineralocorticoids regulate the concentration of ________ and ________ ions in our blood.
Sodium and Potassium
Cortisone and cortisol and types of ________ produced by the middle cortical layer of the adrenal gland.
glucocorticoids
The enzyme produced by the kidneys when blood pressure drops, which causes the release of aldosterone, is called _________?
Renin
Male sex hormones produced by the adrenal cortex are called __________ .
Androgens
Generalized hyposecretion of all adrenal cortex hormones leads to ____________
Addison’s disease.
Hypersecretion of glutocorticoids, often caused by a tumor results in __________
Cushing’s syndrome
Another name for Epinephrine is ___________
Adrenaline
Insulin and glucagon are both hormones that are produced by the _______________.
Pancreatic islets
glucagon acts as an antagonist to a hormone called _________.
Insulin
When blood glucose levels are too high, e beta cells of e pancreas release __________ to decrease levels.
Insulin
A hormone called __________ is believed to play an important part in establishing the body’s day-night cycle.
melatonin
A hormone called __________ plays an important role in incubating a special group of white blood cells.
Thymosin
The hormone produced by the male testes which is responsible for sperm production is __________
Androgens
Home pregnancy tests check for a hormone in the female’s urine called ____________.
Progesterone
Which body system produces chemical messengers?
The endocrine system
What changes take place during the binding of a hormone to it’s target cells
plasma membrane permeability changes, enzymes are activated or inactivated, mitosis is stimulated, proteins are synthesized in the cell.
Prostaglandins are ?
lipid hormones manufactured in the cell plasma membranes
Because steroids are lipid soluble they can do the following:
diffuse through plasma membranes of target cells, enter the nucleus, bind to receptor proteins within the nucleus, & activate genes to transcribe mRNA for protein synthesis.
Most endocrine organs are organs prodded into action by other hormones, this type of stimulus is called:
hormonal stimulus
Tropic hormones do what?
Stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones
Growth hormone does what?
promotes growth in long bones and skeletal muscles
What hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland
Growth hormone, prolactin, Follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone
The hormone that stimulates follicle development in female overies and sperm development in male testes is _______.
Follicle stimulating hormone
Hypersecretion of growth hormone after a long bone has ended (as an adult) growth is called ________
acromegaly
Releasing and inhibiting hormones produced by the hypothalumus influence the activities of the ________ and _________.
Adrenal Gland and Thyroid Gland
An enlargement of the thyroid gland resulting from a deficiency of dietary iodine is called _______.
Goiter
What are functions of oxytocin?
Stimulate uterine contrations, stimulate breast milk production, labor induction, and postpartum bleeding control
Diabetes insipidus is caused by hyposecretion of _______
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
What hormone prods the thyroid to release thyroxin?
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Alcohol inhibits the secretion of ________.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
The thyroid is located ____________.
Below the adams apple
The body’s major metabolic hormone is called _______
Thyroid hormone
The element necessary in the diet for proper thyroid function is __________
iodine
Hyposecretion of thyroxine in childhood leads to a disease called _________
cretinism
What hormones regulate calcium levels in the body?
Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
What hormone, released by the heart, prevents aldosterone release in order to lower blood pressure?
Atrial Natriuretic peptide (ANP)
What hormones are released by the adrenal medulla?
Epiniphrine and norepiniphrine
Rising blood levels of aldosterone cause the kidney tubules to __________
reabsorb sodium
Tetany resulting from uncontrolled muscle spasms may indicate a malfunction of the _________
parathyroid glands
The enzyme produced by the kidneys when blood pressure drops, stimulating a release of aldosterone is called _________
Renin
Glucocorticoids do ____________?
help resist long term stress, increase blood glucose levels, decrease edema, suppress inflammation
Hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex hormones results in skin bronzing, feeling burn out and suppression of the immune system. This condition is known as _________.
Addison’s disease
The flight or fight response is triggered by the release of __________
epinephrine
What are sone of the actions of catecholamines?
stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, increased heart rate, decreased blood pressure, increased blood glucose levels
Insulin is produced by the cells of the pancreatic islets called _______.
Beta cells
What hormone decreases blood glucose?
Glucogon
The pancreas is located where?
Close to the stomach
The pineal gland produces what hormone?
Melatonin
The hormone that appears to help regulate our sleep-wake cycles is ________.
melatonin
Estrogens do the following:
stimulate menstruation, help maintain pregnancy, prepares the uterus to receive a fertilized egg.
What are some of the effects of testosterone
deepening of the voice, growth of facial hair, sperm production, development of heavy bones and muscles
Sex hormones produced by the overies and testes are______
protein hormones
The cells in the testes that produce testosterone are called ________.
gonadotropic cells
What hormone is produced by the placenta that stimulates the ovaries to continue producing estrogen and progesterone?
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
Cholecystokin (CCK) and secretin are two hormones produced by the ________.
duodenum of the small intestine
True/False: The study of hormones and endocrine organs is known as immunology
False
True/False: All hormones can arouse and bring about changes in all cells of the human body
False
True/False: Most hormones are regulated by negative feedback mechanisms.
True
True/False: Hormones that are secreted in response to other hormones are prodded by hormonal stimuli.
True
True/False: Hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary are actually made by e hypothalamus
False
True/False: Hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood leads to pituitary dwarfism
False
True/False: The target of prolactin is the female breast
True
True/False: Neurosecretory cells transport oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone to the anterior pituitary gland for storage.
False
True/False: Antidiuretic hormone inhibits urine production and promotes water reabsorption by the kidneys
True
True/False: Vaspressin in another name for antidiuretic hormone
True
True/False: Hyposecretion of FSH or LH leads to sterility in both males and females
True
True/False: Thyroid hormone targets all cells of the body
True
True/False: Diabetes insipidus is caused by hyposecretion of insulin.
False
True/False: Thyroid hormone is actually two iodine- containing hormones called T3 and T4
True
True/False: Thyroid hormone is actually two iodine- containing hormones called T3 and T4
True
True/False: Thyroid hormone is actually two iodine- containing hormones called T3 and T4
True
True/False: Thyroxine is converted to triiodothyronine at target tissues to promote metabolism
True
True/False: Calcitonin is produced by the follicular cells of the thyroid gland
False
True/False: Parathyroid hormone is the most important regulator of blood calcium concentration
True
True/False: Calcitonin is a hormone antagonist to parathyroid hormone in regulation of blood calcium levels
True
True/False: Mineralocorticoids help regulate both water and electrolyte balance in the body fluids
True
True/False: The adrenal glands are similar to the pituitary gland in that they have both glandular and neural tissue.
True
True/False: The adrenal cortex is made up of neural tissue.
True
True/False: Glucocorticoids, glucogon, and epiniphrine are hyperglycemic hormones
False
True/False: Both male and female sex hormones may lead to masculinization in both men and women
True
True/False: Both male and female sex hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex throughout life in relatively small amounts.
True
True/False: The adrenal medulla and posterior pituitary are bo composed of nervous tissue
True
True/False: Adrenaline is also known as epinephrine
True
True/False: Aldosterone raises blood glucose levels throu the breakdown of fats and proteins
False
True/False: Melatonin production peaks during the night to help regulate the body’s day/night cycle.
True
True/False: They thymus gland is located in the neck wrapped around the trachea.
False
True/False: The ovaries release estrogen and progesterone in response to gonadotropic hormones from the pituitary gland.
True
True/False: The placenta is a temporary organ formed in the uterus of pregnant women.
True
Matching Endocrine gland to Hormones:
Growth Hormone- Anterior Pituitary Prolactin- Anterior Pituitary Adrenocortictropic hormone - Anterior Pituitary Thyroid Stimulating hormone - Anterior pituitary Luteinizing hormone- anterior pituitary Oxytocin - Posterior Pituitary Antidiuretic hormone- Posterior pituitary Follicle stimulating hormone- Anterior pituitary Thyroxine - Thyroid Calcitonin- thyroid Parathyroid hormone - parathyroids Aldosterone- adrenal cortex Cortisone - adrenal cortex catecholamines- adrenal medulla glucocorticoids - adrenal cortex insulin- pancreatic islets glucagon- pancreatic islets melatonin - pineal gland thymosin- thymus human chorionic gonadotropin- placenta
Match action to hormone:
stimulates contraction of the uteris and milk reflex- oxytocin
lowers blood calcium- calcitonin
involved in daily & seasonal bio rhythms - melatonin
stimulates thyroid to produce thyroxine-thyroidstimulating hormone
promotes reabsorption of sodium by kidneys- mineralocorticoids
lowers blood glucose levels- insulin
raises blood glucose, constricts vessels, increase metabolism- glucagon
stimulates testes & ovaries to produce hormones- follicle stimulating hormone
Explain 2 major chemical classifications of hormones
There are amino acid based hormones which include proteins, peptides, and amines. These hormones are known as organic substances. The other classification is steroids that are made up of cholesterol. These hormones are known as a chemical substance.
Describe 3 types of stimuli that activate endocrine organs
First there are hormonal stimuli which is the most common type. Hormonal stimulis is when the endocrine organs are prodded into action by other hormones. The second stimulus is humoral stemuli which changes blood levels in certain ions and nutrients that will then stimulate hormone release. Last, there are neural stimuliwhich occurs in isolated cases. This stimulus occurs when nerve fibers stimulate hormone release.
Explain the pituitary-hypothalamus relationship
The pituitary hangs off of the stalk of the anterior surface of the hypothalamus. The pituitary has two parts, the anterior and the posterior lobes and the hypothalamus is ultimately what allows the 2 sides to communicate
Discuss the roles of hormones in maintaining blood calcium levels
There are two hormones that take part in maintaining blood calcium levels. The first hormone is calcitonin which is produced by they thyroid gland. This hormone decreases blood calcium levels by causing calcium to be deposited into the bones. The second hormone is parathormone(parthyroid hormone) which is the most important regulator of blood calcium levels. This hormone is released by the parathyroid glands to stimulate bone estruction in order to break down the bone matrix and release calcium into thr blood
Explain the causes and effects of menopause
As women age, the effeciency of the ovaries begins to decline which causes menopause. During menopause the reproductive organs begin to atrophy and women are no longer able to beat children.
A child thats extremely small for his age, shows signs of mental retardation, hair is thinning, and had dry skin would probaby have a diagnosis of _____________.
Cretinism
Explain why drinking alcohol would be a poor choice for someone who just participated in a strenuous physical activity on a hot day
Because alcohol inhibits the the antidiuretic hormone, which regulates the water content in the blood by inhibiting urine production and causes the kidneys to absorb more water
Discuss how renin and angiotensin II help restore low blood pressure to normal
Renin is an enzyme that is produced by the kidneys when blood pressure drops. Renin causes a reaction that forms angiotensin II which in turn is a potent stimulator of aldosterone release. Aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide both have an important role in blood pressure and blood volume.
If someone has developed Type 2 diabetes des it mean that their pancreas doesn’t work at all?
Not exactly, kidney tubules are not reabsorbing glucose fast enough in which glucose spills into the urine.
Explain negative feedback and how it regulates blood levels of the various hormones.
Negative feedback is when hormone secretion is triggered by some internal or external stimulus to raise hormone levels. The rising hormone levels inhibit hormone release. Also, blood levels of many hormones vary only within a very narrow range. That is how it regulates blood levels.
Explain why not all organs are target organs for all hormones.
In order for a cell to respond to a hormone it must have specific protein receptors on it’s plasma membrane or in it’s inferior for that hormone to attach and bind. The hormone can only influence the cell when binding occurs
Explain how the nervous and endocrine system differ.
The nervous system is built for speed, thus, using nerve impulses to prod muscles and glands into action. The endocrine system uses chemical messengers called hormones which are released in the blood that travels throughout the body.
What is the most common cause of hypersecretion of endocrine organs
The most common cause od hyperscretin by the endocrine system is a tumor in the adrenal medulla. The adrenal medulla is part of the sympathetic nervous system so when you are stressed out the adrenal medulla is stimulated which causes the adrenal medulla to literally dump it’s hormones into the blood stream.
The most common type of leukocyte is a __________.
neutrophil
The type of leukocyte that fights allergies and parasitic worms __________.
eosinophil
Normal blood pH falls in a range between ____ and ______.
7.35 to 7.45
The plasma protein that contributes to osmotic pressure of blood is __________.
Albumin
The iron containing protein found in RBC’s that transports the majority of oxygen carried in the blood is _________.
Hemoglobin
The inherited type of anemia that causes spiky and sharp red blood cells is _________
sickle cell anemia
A red blood cell disorder caused by a life at high altitude is called ___________
(Secondary) Polycythemia
White blood cells are also called _______
leukocytes
Process by which white blood cells travel through the wall of blood vessels is termed ___________
Diapedis (leaping across)
Abnormally high levels of white blood cells causes a condition known as __________
Leukemia
White blood cells containing granules and lobed nuclei are classified as __________
Granulocytes
The stem cell that gives rise to all formed elements is the __________
Hemocytoblast
The process by which bleeding is stopped is called __________
Hemostasis
A thrombus (clot that develops in an unbroken blood vessel) that has broken away from a vessel wall and is freely floating in e blood stream is called _________
Embolus
When antibodies bind to antigens on foreign blood types, clumping or ___________ occurs.
Agglutination
The universal donor type that can donate to any blood group type is _____?
O
The blood type that contains antigens A and B is ______
AB
If you carry the Rh antigen, you are referred to as _______~
Rh+
The condition in wuch maternal antibodies cross the placenta and destroy the baby’s RBCs is called ______________.
Hemolytic disease of the newborn.
The condition in which fetal RBC’s are destroyed faster than the liver can rid the body of breakdown products of hemoglobin is called _________.
Physiologic Jaundice
The matrix of blood is called _______
Plasma
In a centrifuged blood sample, the buffy coat between the formed elements and the plasma contains___________
Leukocytes and platlets
What are physical characteristics of blood?
Sticky, opaque, heavier than water, alkaline
Hemocrit is e percentage of ________
erythrocytes in the blood
What is the most abundant formed element?
erythrocytes
Erythrocytes lack a _______ and most ________.
nucleus and most organelles
Normal whole blood contains _________ g of hemoglobin per 100mL
12-18
Which of the following red blood cell disorders may result from life at a higher altitude
p o l y c y t h e m i a
white blood cells differ from red blood cells because they contain_________.
a nucleus and most organelles
What red blood cell disorder may result form life at a higher altitude?
polycythemia
leukocytosis most likely indicates________
bacterial or viral infection
neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are classified as ________
granulocytes
what granulocyte produces histamine during the inflammatory response?
basophils
the most numerous white blood cells are________.
neutrophils
the type of leukocytes thst become macrophages in the tissue are __________.
monocytes
Platelets are fragments of multinucleate cells called ________.
megakaryocytes
where does hemotopoiesis produce new red blood cells?
red bone marrow
Erythropoeitin is a hormone produced by the kidneys in response to low levels of __________.
oxygen
The average functional lifespan of a red blood cells (RBC) is ________.
100-120 days
An immature RBC which contains some endoplasmic reticulum is called a _________.
reticulocyte
The hormone that regulates the rate of erythrocyte production is ___________.
erythropoietin
Megakaryocytes pinch off anucleate fragments called ______.
platelets
The series of reactions that stop blood flow following a cut is called _______.
coagulation
What is the proper sequence of hemostasis
Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation
What chemical is released to bring about vasoconstriction during vascular spasm stage of hemostasis?
Serotonin
Blood normally clots in approximately_______ minutes.
3 to 6
Formation of an insoluble clot during hemostasis is termed ________.
coagulation
What insoluable fiber forms a mesh network and the basis for the formation of a clot during coagulation
fibrin
A clot that breaks away from a vessel wall and circulates freely wi thin the blood stream is called ___________.
embolus
Hemophilia is a type of what?
Blood clotting disorder
Bleeding disorders ofter occur from a lack of what vitamins?
Vitamin K
The ion essential for blood clotting is ________?
calcium
The organ largely responsible for the synthesis of clotting factor is the ________.
liver
Severe shock occurs with blood loss of ________.
Over 30%
A substance that stimulates the immune system to release antibodies is termed__________
Antigen
Process whereby the binding of antibodies to antigens causes RBCs to clump is called _______.
Agglutination
What blood type contains the A antigen only
Blood type A
The most common type of blood in the US population is ________
Type O
The Universal recepient has blood type________.
AB
Hemolysis most likely will occur when ___________.
an Rh negative person receives a second transfusion from a blood that is Rh positive
What blood type(s) can a person with type O recieve?
Type O
The immune serum used to prevent maternal sensitization to Rh antigens is __________.
RhoGAM
Which blood type carries no antigens?
Blood type O
Compatibility testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipients serum is called ________.
cross matching
Physiologic jaundice occuring in newborns results from _____.
accumulation of destroyed fetal red blood cells
True/False: Normal blood pH is between 7.35 and 7.45
True
True/False: Blood plasma makes up the majority of blood content.
True
True/False: The temperature of blood is slightly lower than body temperature
False (it’s 100.4 or 38c)
True/False: Leukocytes are more numerous in blood than erythrocytes.
False
True/False: Amount of hemoglobin contained within a RBC determines its capacity to transport oxygen.
True
True/False: An excessive or abnormal increase in # of erythrocytes in blood is termed amemia.
False (polucythemia)
True/False:Basophils are the most numerous type of leukocyte
false (neutrophils)
True/False: All formed elements arise froma common type of stem cell called a hemocytoblast.
True
Normal blood volume in healthy males is 5-6 liters
True
True/False: Erythropoeitin is released to stimulate platelet production in response to inadequate amounts of oxygen in blood.
False (thrombopoietin)
True/False: Antigens are substances that body recognize as foreign.
True
True/False:A phlebotomist collects and processes blood samples for labratory analysis.
True
True/False: Blood type A can receive Blood types A and AB during a transfusion.
False (A & O)
True/False: Rh- related problems occur in pregnant Rh- women carrying an Rh positive baby.
True
True/False: Universal donors can receive blood groups A, B, AB, and O.
False, (Only O)
Excess # of these cells cause leukocytosis
leukocytes
Alternate name for white blood cells
leukocytes
Type of blood cell that contains a nucleus and organelles
Leukocyte
Type of cell that transports carbon dioxide
Erythrocyte
Type of cell produced in response to erythropoietin
erythrocytes
Cell fragments that form the rupture of megakaryocyte
platelets
Immature form of this cell is called a reticulocyte
erythrocyte
Type of cell that contains hemoglobin for gas transport
Erythrocyte
Most common type of blood cell
erythrocyte
type of cell fragment involved in hemostasis
platelets
Type of blood that contains no antigens
O
Type that possesses the A antigen only
A
Type that can only receive blood types B and O
B
Blood type that forms the anti A and Anti B antibodies
O
Bllod type known as the universal donor
O
Blood type known as the universal recipient
AB
Discuss why Martina, who has blood type A cannot receive blood type B during a transfusion.
Martina cannot receive blood type B because her and a person with type B each have different antigens in their blood. Martina’s blood (type A) contains A antigens, and type B has B antigens. When the two blood types come together, the antigens in Martina’s blood will recognize the donor’s antigens as foreign. The antigens in Martina’s blood will then produce antibodies that will react with the donor’s blood. Martina (type A) produces anti-B antibodies, where as type B produces anti-A antibodies. Thus, Martina’s blood antigens will reject the donor’s blood and the antibodies produced will attack the donor’s, causing agglutination (clumping of the red blood cells) which will clog the blood vessels and cause death.
Discuss how the anatomy of a granulocyte differs from that of an agranulocyte
A granulocyte is a type of white blood cell (leukocyte) that contains granules in the cytoplasm. There are three types of granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. Each type of WBC has lobed nuclei; neutrophils have a multi-lobed nucleus, eosinophils’ nuclei are shaped like a telephone receiver, and basophils have figure-8 or s-shaped nuclei. Agranulocytes are WBCs that have no visible granules in the cytoplasm. Agranulocytes are lymphocytes and monocytes; lymphocytes have spherical nuclei and monocytes have large kidney-shaped nuclei.
