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A & P > Chap 13 1 - 6 > Flashcards

Chap 13 1 - 6 Flashcards

1
Q

The mucosa lined windpipe that extends from the larynx to the level of the 5th thoracic vertebra is called the ______

A

Trachea

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1
Q

The 3 mucosa covered projections into the nasal cavity that greatly increase the surface area of mucosa exposed to air are called ________

A

conchae

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2
Q

Clusters of lymphatic tissue in the pharnyx are referred to as ______.

A

Tonsils

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3
Q

The opening between the vocal cords is called the _____.

A

glottis

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4
Q

The large shield-shaped thyroid cartilage that prodrudes anteriorly is commonly called the ________.

A

Adam’s apple

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5
Q

The flap of elastic cartilage that protects the opening of the larnyx is called the ____],

A

epiglottis

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6
Q

Folds of mucous membrane called _______ vibrate to provide speech.

A

vocal cords

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7
Q

The division of the trachea produces two tubes called the left and right (primary) ________,

A

bronchi

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8
Q

“Dust cells” that wander in and out of the alveoli, picking up bacteria, carbon particles, and other debris, are actually ______________

A

alveolar macrophages

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9
Q

The air sacs of the lungs are called _______.

A

alveoli

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10
Q

The process of moving air into and out of the lungs in commonly called breathing and pulmonary _________.

A

ventilation

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11
Q

The inspiratory muscles that contract so we can inspire air are the ______________.

A

diaphragm and external intercostals

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12
Q

The presence of air in the intrapleural space is known ad _______,

A

pneumothorax

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13
Q

Normal quit breathing moves about _____ mL od air into and out of the lungs with each breath.

A

500 mL

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14
Q

A mechanism that clears the upoer respiratory passages, whch is similar to a cough except that the expelled air is directed through the nasal cavities instead of the oral cavity, is called a ______.

A

sneeze

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15
Q

Air that remains in the conducting zone passageways and never reaches the alveoli is called the is called the ___________.

A

Dead space volume

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16
Q

Respiratory capacities are measured with a _________.

A

spirometer

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17
Q

____________ is an oderless, colorless gas which binds preferentially with the same binding site on hemoglobin.

A

Carbon monoxide

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18
Q

Most carbon dioxide is dissolved in blood plasma and transported is _____________.

A

bicarbonate ion

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19
Q

Inadequate oxygen delivery to body tissues is called ______.

A

hypoxia

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20
Q

The portions of the brain that contain respiratory centers and set the breathi rate are the __________.

A

medulla and pons

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21
Q

A normal respiratory ratr of about 12-15 breaths per mnute is called _______.

A

eupnea.

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22
Q

The most important stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is the body’s need to rid itself of the blood gad called __________.

A

Carbon Dioxide.

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23
Q

In order to retun acidic blood pH to normal, breathing becomes deeper and more rapid, a phenomenon known as _________.

A

Hyperventilation

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24
Q

Gas exchange occurs in the ._______.

A

Alveoli

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25
Q

The respiratory conducting passageways perform all of the following except:

A

a) allow air to reach the lungs
b) purify air
c) humidify air
d) EXCHANGE AIR
e) warm incoming air

26
Q

Which one of the following terms does NOT apply to the nose?

A

a) External Nares
b) NASOPHARNYX
c) nostrils
d) nasal cavity
e) nasal septum

27
Q

What is the role of mucus in the nasal cavity?

A

Trap incoming bacteria and other foreign debris.

28
Q

Which one of the following bones does NOT contain paranasal sinuses?

A 
A) frontal
B) spenoid
C) MANDIBLE
D) ethmoid
E) maxilla
29
Q

Air from the nasal cavity enters the superior portion of the pharnyx called the _______.

A

Nasopharnyx

30
Q

Contaminated mucus is removed feom the lower respiratory passageways, such as the trachea, by_________.

A

Cilia

31
Q

The opening between the vocal cords is called the _______.

A

Glottis

32
Q

The flap of elastic cartilage that protects food from entering the larynx when swallowing is the ______.

A

epiglottis

33
Q

Vibration due to exhaled air that results in speech is the function of the _________.

A

True Vocal Cords

34
Q

Terminal bronchioles eventually terminate in _______.

A

alveoli

35
Q

Which one of the following is NOT one of the four main events of respiration?

A

a) pulmonary ventilation
b) respiratory gas transport
C) RESIDUAL VOLUME
d) external respiration
e) internal volume

36
Q

Exchanges of both oxygen and carbon dioxide through the respiratory membrane occurs by________.

A

Simple diffusion

37
Q

The lipid molecule critical to lung function that coats the gas-exposed alveolar surfaces is called _________

A

Surfactant

38
Q

Air moving in and out of the lungs is called_________,

A

Pulmonary Ventilation

39
Q

Which one of the following is NOT true of inspiration:

A

a) contraction of the diaphragm muscle helps increase the size of the thoracic cavity.
b) RELAXATION OF THE EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES HELPS INCREASE THE SIZE OF THE THORACIC CAVITY
c) increased intrapulmonary volume causes inhaled gases to spread out.
d) the deacreased gas pressure produces a partial vacuum that forcibly sucks in air
e) air continues to move into the lungs until intrapulmonary pressure equals atmospheric pressure.

40
Q

The gas exchange that occurs between blood and tissue cells at systemic capillaries is called ______.

A

internal respiration

41
Q

Expiration (exhalation) occurs when________

A

diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax

42
Q

What is a non-respiratory air movement that clears the upper respiratory passageways:

A

Sneezing

43
Q

Essay: Explain the structure and function of the respiratory membrane.

A

The respiratory membrane is also known as the “air-blood” barrier which has air (gas) flowing past on the one side and blood flowing past the other. A “Cobweb of pulmonary capillaries together with alveolar and capillary walls, their fused basement membranes and occasional elastic fibers make up the respiratory membrane.

44
Q

The presence of air in the intrapleural space is called _______.

A

Pneumothorax

45
Q

The respiratory movement representing the total amount of exchangeable air is the ________.

A

Vital Capacity

46
Q

The amount of air that can be forcibily exhaled after a tidal expiration is about _________.

A

1200ML

47
Q

The amount of air exchanged during normal quite breathing is about________.

A

500mL

48
Q

Carbon dioxide dissolves ion blood plasma for transport as ____________.

A

bicarbonate ions

49
Q

Oxygen binds with hemoglobin in the blood to form ________.

A

oxyhemoglobin

50
Q

The bluish cast that results fm inadequate oxygenation of the skin and mucosa is called _________.

A

cyanosis

51
Q

Where are the respiratory centers housed which control breathing _________.

A

medulla and pons

52
Q

Essay: Identify and describe the 4 distinct events that are collectively called respiration.

A

The 1st event in respiration is pulmonary ventilation in which air moves in and out of the lungs. The 2nd is external respiration in which gas exchange occurs. This is the only between the blood and body exterior. The 3rd event is respiratory gad transport in which oxygen and CO2 are transported to and from the lungs and tissue cells of the body via the bloodstream. The last event is internal respiration in which there is a gas exchange between the blood and tissue cells.

53
Q

Describe how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood.

A

Oxygen is mostly transported via hemoglobin molecules inside the RBC’s to form oxyhemoglobin. A very small amount of oxygen is carried dissolved is plasma. CO2 is transported in plasma as bicarbonate ions (HCO3).

54
Q

Essay: Explain how hyperventilation and hypoventilation alter levels of carbon dioxide in the blood.

A

Hyperventilation is a more deep and rapid type of breathing in which more CO2 is blown out and decreases the amunt of carbonic acid in the blood. Carbonic acid in contrast increases during hypoventilation which is extremely slow and shallow breathing.

55
Q

Cessation of breathing is called _______

A

apnea

56
Q

Hypoventilation dramatically increases carbonic acid concentration and involves _________.

A

Extremely slow breathing

57
Q

Hyperventilation leads to all of the following except:

A

a) brief periods of apnea
b) cyonosis
c) dizziness
d) fainting
E) BUILDUP OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE BLOOD

58
Q

The most important chemical stimulus leading to increased rate of depth of breathing is ________.

A

increased carbon dioxide in the blood (and decreased blood pH)

59
Q

Which one of the following is NOT a feature of COPD:

A

A)MOST PATIENTS HAVE A GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO COPD

b) dyspnea becomes progressively more severe
c) frequent pulmonary infections are common
d) most COPD victims are hypoxic
e) most patients have a history of smoking

60
Q

Which congenital respiratory disease results in the oversecretion of mucus and clogging of respiratory passageways________.

A

cystic fibrosis

61
Q

The molecules that prevents lung collapse by lowering the surface tensions of the water film lining each alveolar sac is called________.

A

surfactant

62
Q

Surfactant is usually present in fetal lungs in adequate quantities by________.

A

28-30 weeks of pregnancy

A & P (10 decks)

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