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Psych FINAL > Chap 8 > Flashcards

Chap 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does encoding mean in a memory context?

A

It is the process of how information is learned.

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2
Q

What is the encoding problem?

A

It is the problem the brain must solve to turn an experience into a memory.

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3
Q

In a memory context, what is storage and what is the storage problem?

A

It is the process of maintaining information over a period of time, and the problem is the brain must find a way to do this

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4
Q

What is sensory memory? What are the two forms of it?

A

Sensory memory is the information that keeps sensations briefly active in an unaltered form. Iconic and echoic memories are visual and auditory forms of this.

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5
Q

What does sensory memory allow us to do?

A

It allows us to see the world as a unified whole. It allows us to hold onto sensory information long enough to put them together. Sensory memory also feeds the immediate memory.

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6
Q

What do we call lingering visual neuronal activity in a psychological standpoint?

A

Iconic memory, or an icon

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7
Q

What do we call lingering auditory neuronal activity in a psychological standpoint?

A

echoic memory, or echoes

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8
Q

How long does sensory memory last?

A

generally a few tenths of a second but in auditory can be up to a few seconds

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9
Q

What is the partial report technique?

A

It came in the testing of iconic memory, and described a testing of ability to retain information when one is directed to the subset of a whole set.

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10
Q

What is immediate memory?

A

It is the system that holds limited information at the front of your mind to be processed.

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11
Q

What are two other ways to say immediate memory?

A

Short term memory or working memory

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12
Q

What is the working memory model of immediate memory?

A

It describes short term memory as mostly a place for the manipulation of information.

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13
Q

Where is auditory information held in the working memory model?

A

The phonological loop

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14
Q

Where is visual and spatial information held in the working memory model?

A

The visuospatial sketchpad

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15
Q

What system is hypothesized to direct the activities of the working memory?

A

The central executive

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16
Q

What is a non-sensory role of the central executive?

A

The flow of information to/from long term memory.

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17
Q

Memories that relate to certain events are called?

A

Episodic memories

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18
Q

What is a semantic memory?

A

Memories related to facts and information, not experience. (devoid of context)

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19
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

It is a form of memory that deals with a process, or how something is done.

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20
Q

What is a big piece of supporting evidence for procedural memory being different than episodic ore semantic memory?

A

Someone trying to explain a procedural memory will have a hard time explaining it. Also, procedural memories are more resistant to amnesia, whereas episodic and semantic ones aren’t.

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21
Q

What are the three types of long term memory?

A
  1. Episodic
  2. Semantic
  3. Procedural
22
Q

What is elaborative rehearsal?

A

It is the process of meaningfully relating new knowledge to what is already stored.

23
Q

What is a levels of processing experiment?

A

It is a comparison between people bring shown words and being asked a deeper processing question about it vs a shallower processing quesiton.

24
Q

What is the difference between deep and shallow encoding?

A

Deep encoding is the meaningful relation of new information to existing knowledge, and shallow encoding is just the processing strategy dealing with the recognition of surface characteristics.

25
Q

What are 4 types of elaborative rehearsal?

A
  1. Imagery
  2. Organization
  3. Distinctiveness
  4. Self-reference
26
Q

What is imagery elaborative rehearsal?

A

It is the usage of a vivid image in the mind to relate new pieces of information.

27
Q

What is organizational elaborative rehearsal?

A

It is the categorization of a list. Putting them into separate smaller lists.

28
Q

What is self-reference elaborative rehearsal?

A

It is a way of relating information to oneself like a personal memory.

29
Q

What is distinctiveness elaborative rehearsal?

A

It is useful for memories that are similar to others, and deals with the encoding of the excluding difference.

30
Q

What are cues?

A

Pieces of information that help us remember the past

31
Q

What is the term for asking study participants to recall studied information without help?

A

Free recall

32
Q

What is the alternative to free recall?

A

Cued recall

33
Q

Why are cues helpful for long term memory?

A

Cues can make neural networks where it is easy to retrieve information by latching onto a cue.

34
Q

What does the encoding specificity principle describe?

A

How we encode information is vital to how we retrieve it, cues are only useful if they match the context of learning

35
Q

What are the three errors of omission?

A
  1. Transience
  2. Absent-Mindedness
  3. Blocking
36
Q

What is an error of omission? Commission?

A

Omission is when information cannot come to mind, and commission is when wrong or unwanted information is brought to mind.

37
Q

What do the three errors of omission describe?

A
  1. Transience is the degradation of memories over time
  2. Absent-Mindedness is the failure to encode the information in the first place.
  3. Blocking is the inability to access proper cues for the amount of information.
38
Q

What is memory decay? How strong of an argument is it for transience?

A

Memory decay is the theory that memories fade over time on their own. Lots of evidence supports the theory that decay does not explain the loss of most memories, only other factors.

39
Q

What are the two main contributors to transience?

A

Retroactive interference and proactive interference?

40
Q

What is the contributor to transience that describes the inability to recall old memories due to more recently added similar memories?

A

Retroactive inference

41
Q

What is proactive interference?

A

It is the difficulty in remembering new memories due to the presence of older similar memories.

42
Q

What is the TOT state? What type of error of omission does it describe?

A

The tip of the tongue state is the state when someone cannot remember a piece of information but have a feeling they know what they are trying to remember. It is a form of blocking.

43
Q

What are the 4 errors of commission? Describe them lightly

A
  1. Misattribution is the incorrect recall of the source of information.
  2. Suggestibility is misremembered information being given by an outside source.
  3. Bias is our memory systems being influenced by personal beliefs and knowledge.
  4. persistence is when the mind cannot prevent the recall of memory that is unwanted i.e. PTSD
44
Q

How can we scientifically explain Deja Vu?

A

It is a source error (misattribution) of similar memories. We cannot remember the source of the old memory so we attribute it to a current experience.

45
Q

What type of misattribution is described in the textbook that is not Deja vu? Explain it.

A

Flashbulb memories are memories for events that are surprising and significant. They tend to be tinged by emotion and people have experiences that are misattributed to the flashbulb memory.

46
Q

What is the misinformation effect?

A

It is the ability for misleading ability to affect a memory/ eyewitness account. It can be a question asked with hidden messages that are not the direct target of the question like gendering a character in the question.

47
Q

What is a memory schema and how does it contribute to bias?

A

Schemas are organized sets of facts and knowledge about specific kinds of information. Memories can be put into a schema before full processing, and can also be connected to schemas in a question.

48
Q

What is the condition that leads to perfect autobiographical recall, in other words no forgetting?

A

Hyperthymesia

49
Q

What part of the brain is affected by hyperthymesia?

A

The right half of the amygdala is 20% larger and has more connections to the hippocampus.

50
Q

What are the two types of amnesia? What is the difference between them?

A

Retrograde and anterograde.

Retrograde is forgetting the past, and anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories.

51
Q

How does anterograde amnesia happen?

A

Specific damage to the hippocampus.

Psych FINAL (8 decks)

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