Chap 7 - Categorical Logic 1.0

Question 0

Ambitious

Answer 0

Having two or more meanings

Question 1

Affirmative sentence

Answer 1

A sentence that affirms class membership.

Question 2

Categorical argument

Answer 2

An argument composed of categorical sentences

Question 3

Categorical logic

Answer 3

The study of arguments that are composed of categorical sentences

Question 4

Categorical sentence

Answer 4

A sentence asserting at all, or some, of one category of things belong or do not belong to another category of things

Question 5

Class

Answer 5

A collection objects having a specified characteristic in common

Question 6

Complement of a class

Answer 6

The class consisting of all those things outside the class

Question 7

Contradictories

Answer 7

Two statements are contradictories and only if they cannot be true and they cannot both be false. In all possible situations, if one is true, the other is false.

Question 8

Contrapositive

Answer 8

The sentence that results if you perform the following two operations on the categorical sentence: switch the subject and predicate. Replace each term with its term complement.

Question 9

Contraries

Answer 9

Two statements or contraries they cannot both be true, but might both be false. If two statements are contraries, at least one is false.

Question 10

Converse of a sentence

Answer 10

The sentence that results if we switch the subject and predicate terms in a categorical sentence.

Question 11

Copula

Answer 11

A word that links the subject term with the predicate term.

Question 12

Immediate inference

Answer 12

An argument composed of exactly one premise and one conclusion immediately drawn from it.

Question 13

Logical equivalence

Answer 13

Two statements are logically equivalent if they imply each other, which is to say that in all situations the have matching truth-values.

Question 14

Logical form of an argument

Answer 14

An abstract logical structure that many arguments about many subjects have in common

Question 15

Logical form of a sentence

Answer 15

An abstract logical structure that many sentences may have in common

Question 16

Mediate inference

Answer 16

In the argument composed of two categorical premises and one conclusion, in which the reasoning from the first premise to the conclusion is mediated by passing through a second premise.

Question 17

Negative sentence

Answer 17

A sentence in which a class membership is denied.

Question 18

Obverse of a sentence

Answer 18

The sentence that results if you perform the following two operations on categorical sentence: change the quality without changing the quantity from affirmative to negative or negative to affirmative. Replace the predicate term with its term complement.

Question 19

Particular

Answer 19

Pertaining to one or more members of a category

Question 20

Particular affirmative sentence

Answer 20

Categorical sentence asserting that some of the members of one category things belong to a second category of things

Question 21

Particular negative sentence

Answer 21

Categorical sentence asserting that some of the members of one category of things does not belong to the second category of things.

Question 22

Particular sentence

Answer 22

A categorical sentence that makes a claim about some of the class denoted by the subject term.

Question 23

Quantifier

Answer 23

A word such as all or some that specifies a quantity for the subject term of the sentence.

Question 24

Singular statement

Answer 24

A sentence that makes a assertion about a specifically identified entity or thing.

Question 25

Some

Answer 25

One or more, at least one. Possibly all.

Question 26

Sorites

Answer 26

A series of four or more categorical statements with one of the statements designated as the conclusion and the rest as premises.

Question 27

Square of opposition

Answer 27

A table representing end logical relations between corresponding categorical sentences.

Question 28

Subcontraries

Answer 28

Two statements that cannot both be false, but that might be true. If two statements are subcontraries, at least one is true.

Question 29

Term complement

Answer 29

The term denoting the class complement

Question 30

Truth-value

Answer 30

The value a sentence has when it is true or false. When a sentence is true, it has the truth-value of true and when a sentence is false, false

Question 31

Universal

Answer 31

Pertaining to all the members of a category

Question 32

Universal affirmative sentence

Answer 32

A categorical sentence asserting that all the members of one category belong to a second category of things.

Question 33

Universal negative sentence

Answer 33

A categorical sentence asserting that none of the member of one category of things belongs to a second category of things.

Question 34

Universal sentence

Answer 34

A categorical sentence that makes a claim about every member of the class denoted by subject term.

Question 35

Vague

Answer 35

Having fuzzy boundaries of application

Question 36

Type A

Answer 36

Universal affirmative

All S are P

Question 37

Type E

Answer 37

Universal negative

No S are P

Question 38

Type I

Answer 38

Particular affirmative

Some S are P

Question 39

Type O

Answer 39

Particular Negative

Some S are not P

Question 40

Square of opposition graph

Answer 40

A (all s are p) E (no s are p)
^ ^
\ /
\ /
\ /
\ Contradictions /

                    /                                          \
                  /                                              \
                /                                                  \
              /                                                      \
            v                                                        v
I (some s are p)                                      O (some s are not p)