chap 7, 9, 10 Flashcards
the cartographic construction is based on a double logic
disciplinary logic (theme mapped, core idea)
cartographic logic (synthesizing and communicating the information)
map design is directed by
rule, guidelines, and conventions
experience
sense of aesthetic, intuition, creativity
intellectual hierarchy
relative importance of mapped phenomenon ( what the cartographer thinks is the most important )
visual hierarchy
graphical representation of the intellectual hierarchy (relative importance of mapped phenomenon)
figure-ground
most important aspect stand out than less important one (play with colors, like white background for black object)
enhancing visual differences; to focus attention on important things
- visual difference; noticeable visual differences separate figure from ground
- detail; figure more detail than ground
- edges; sharp, defined edges separate figure from ground (pas flux)
- texture; isolated coarse texture tend to stand out more
- layering; visual depth is enhanced when the ground appears to continue behind the figure, like girds of latitude and longitude
- shape and size; map element with simple closed shapes tend to be seen as figure, but complex shapes also draw attention and tend toward figure, and larger symbols tend toward stronger figure
- closure; close objects tend to jump out from the ground
- proximity; objects close together tend to stand out as figure
- simplicity; simple objects tend to form stronger figure
- direction; objects with the same orientation tend to form figure
- familiarity; objects with familiar, recognizable shapes jump out as figure
- color; a strong figure is created by intense colors, reds, and highly contrasting hues (yellow-black, white-blue). complementary hues (red-green, blue-orang) create ambiguous figure-ground
symbol differentiation
to differentiate symbols, ensure that they are different enough to notice
some activities related to creativity
challenging assumptions
recognizing patterns
seeing in new ways
making connection
taking risks
using chance
constructing network
difference in symbols
symbols works by being different from each others
standardization in symbols
we standardize symbols to clarify and reduce ambiguity
mapping terrain
vertical dimension of landforms (called relief)
theory of visual perception
the whole is greater than the sum of the parts; when putting different elements together they can give a sense to the map
quality
(difference in kind) (like house location, plant types, land vs. water)
quantity
(difference in amount)
color hue
a dominant wavelength of visible light, like red, blue, green
color value
light or dark variations of a single hue
shape (qualitative or quantitative)
qualitative
size (qualitative or quantitative)
quantitative
color hue (qualitative or quantitative)
qualitative
color value (qualitative or quantitative)
quantitative
texture (qualitative or quantitative)
both
color intensity (qualitative or quantitative)
qualitative
what makes data uncertainty
transparency
crispness (blurry)
resolution
semiology of graphics; 1967 by jack bertain
set of rules allowing the use of a graphic system of signs to communicate an information, science addressing all the systems of signs
semiology vs. semiotic
semiology
- study of particular languages
- dyadic relation; sign=signifier+signified (sound or image of a sign+concept/idea represented)
- ferdinand de saussure
semiotic
- canonic approach of the philosophy of language
- triadic relation; sign vehicle + sign object + interpretant (sound or image of a sign + what it represents (e.g. place, object) + what it means, concept)
- charles sanders peirce
referent
the activity or object that a sign denotes
sign vehicle
the graphic form of a symbol that denotes a referent
interpretant
the meaning imbued in the sign
denotation
most objective/ “neutral” meaning of a word/ sign
connotation
most common subjective meaning of a word/ sign
iconicity
the degree to which the sign of the icon visually resembles its referent
alphabet
point, line, surface, volume
vocabulary
visual variables
syntax
rules of visual perception
historical aspects
- end of the 19th century; most of the contemporary cartographic techniques have been addressed
- first half of the 20th century; methods are applied
- 1952; the look of maps (robinson)
- 1967; la sémiologie graphique (semiology of graphics) (bertin); set of rules allowing the use of a graphic system of signs to communicate an information, science addressing all the systems of signs
surface map (or isarithmic map)
a map in which a set of isolines (lines of equal values) are interpolated between points of know value
isometric
data occur at points (true point data)
isoplethic
data occur over geographical area (conceptual point data, abstract) (only for relative values) areal unit
isoline names
- Isobath - Depth below the sea level
- Isohypse (contour) - Elevation above the sea level
- Isotherm - Temperature
- Isobar - Pression
*Isospecie - Density of species - Isochrone - Travel time from a given point
- Isodopane - Cost of travel time
