chap 7, 9, 10

Question 1

the cartographic construction is based on a double logic

Answer 1

disciplinary logic (theme mapped, core idea)
cartographic logic (synthesizing and communicating the information)

Question 2

map design is directed by

Answer 2

rule, guidelines, and conventions
experience
sense of aesthetic, intuition, creativity

Question 3

intellectual hierarchy

Answer 3

relative importance of mapped phenomenon ( what the cartographer thinks is the most important )

Question 4

visual hierarchy

Answer 4

graphical representation of the intellectual hierarchy (relative importance of mapped phenomenon)

Question 5

figure-ground

Answer 5

most important aspect stand out than less important one (play with colors, like white background for black object)

Question 6

enhancing visual differences; to focus attention on important things

Answer 6

• visual difference; noticeable visual differences separate figure from ground
• detail; figure more detail than ground
• edges; sharp, defined edges separate figure from ground (pas flux)
• texture; isolated coarse texture tend to stand out more
• layering; visual depth is enhanced when the ground appears to continue behind the figure, like girds of latitude and longitude
• shape and size; map element with simple closed shapes tend to be seen as figure, but complex shapes also draw attention and tend toward figure, and larger symbols tend toward stronger figure
• closure; close objects tend to jump out from the ground
• proximity; objects close together tend to stand out as figure
• simplicity; simple objects tend to form stronger figure
• direction; objects with the same orientation tend to form figure
• familiarity; objects with familiar, recognizable shapes jump out as figure
• color; a strong figure is created by intense colors, reds, and highly contrasting hues (yellow-black, white-blue). complementary hues (red-green, blue-orang) create ambiguous figure-ground

Question 7

symbol differentiation

Answer 7

to differentiate symbols, ensure that they are different enough to notice

Question 8

some activities related to creativity

Answer 8

challenging assumptions
recognizing patterns
seeing in new ways
making connection
taking risks
using chance
constructing network

Question 9

difference in symbols

Answer 9

symbols works by being different from each others

Question 10

standardization in symbols

Answer 10

we standardize symbols to clarify and reduce ambiguity

Question 11

mapping terrain

Answer 11

vertical dimension of landforms (called relief)

Question 12

theory of visual perception

Answer 12

the whole is greater than the sum of the parts; when putting different elements together they can give a sense to the map

Question 13

quality

Answer 13

(difference in kind) (like house location, plant types, land vs. water)

Question 14

quantity

Answer 14

(difference in amount)

Question 15

color hue

Answer 15

a dominant wavelength of visible light, like red, blue, green

Question 16

color value

Answer 16

light or dark variations of a single hue

Question 17

shape (qualitative or quantitative)

Answer 17

qualitative

Question 18

size (qualitative or quantitative)

Answer 18

quantitative

Question 19

color hue (qualitative or quantitative)

Answer 19

qualitative

Question 20

color value (qualitative or quantitative)

Answer 20

quantitative

Question 21

texture (qualitative or quantitative)

Answer 21

both

Question 22

color intensity (qualitative or quantitative)

Answer 22

qualitative

Question 23

what makes data uncertainty

Answer 23

transparency
crispness (blurry)
resolution

Question 24

semiology of graphics; 1967 by jack bertain

Answer 24

set of rules allowing the use of a graphic system of signs to communicate an information, science addressing all the systems of signs

Question 25

semiology vs. semiotic

Answer 25

semiology
- study of particular languages
- dyadic relation; sign=signifier+signified (sound or image of a sign+concept/idea represented)
- ferdinand de saussure

semiotic
- canonic approach of the philosophy of language
- triadic relation; sign vehicle + sign object + interpretant (sound or image of a sign + what it represents (e.g. place, object) + what it means, concept)
- charles sanders peirce

Question 26

referent

Answer 26

the activity or object that a sign denotes

Question 27

sign vehicle

Answer 27

the graphic form of a symbol that denotes a referent

Question 28

interpretant

Answer 28

the meaning imbued in the sign

Question 29

denotation

Answer 29

most objective/ “neutral” meaning of a word/ sign

Question 30

connotation

Answer 30

most common subjective meaning of a word/ sign

Question 31

iconicity

Answer 31

the degree to which the sign of the icon visually resembles its referent

Question 32

alphabet

Answer 32

point, line, surface, volume

Question 33

vocabulary

Answer 33

visual variables

Question 34

syntax

Answer 34

rules of visual perception

Question 35

historical aspects

Answer 35

• end of the 19th century; most of the contemporary cartographic techniques have been addressed
• first half of the 20th century; methods are applied
• 1952; the look of maps (robinson)
• 1967; la sémiologie graphique (semiology of graphics) (bertin); set of rules allowing the use of a graphic system of signs to communicate an information, science addressing all the systems of signs

Question 36

surface map (or isarithmic map)

Answer 36

a map in which a set of isolines (lines of equal values) are interpolated between points of know value

Question 37

isometric

Answer 37

data occur at points (true point data)

Question 38

isoplethic

Answer 38

data occur over geographical area (conceptual point data, abstract) (only for relative values) areal unit

Question 39

isoline names

Answer 39

• Isobath - Depth below the sea level
• Isohypse (contour) - Elevation above the sea level
• Isotherm - Temperature
• Isobar - Pression
  *Isospecie - Density of species
• Isochrone - Travel time from a given point
• Isodopane - Cost of travel time