Chap 7/8 (Rome, Americas)

Question 1

Tribunes

Answer 1

Plebeian representatives in the Roman republic;

elected in the Councilium Plebis Tributum on an annual basis.

Question 2

Plebeian

Answer 2

members of the lower social classes.

Ordinary citizens; originally those Roman families that could not trace their relationship to one of the major Roman clans.

Question 3

Consuls

Answer 3

Two chief of executives or magistrates of the Roman republic; elected by an annual assembly dominated by aristocracy.

Question 4

Senators

Answer 4

are most powerful political movers, holding key public offices, influencing public opinion, commanding legions, and governing provinces.

Question 5

Gracchi brothers

Answer 5

1. Gaius Gracchus - Tribune who, killed on the command of the Senate.
2. Tiberius - assassinated by conservatives.
   * They are attempted to introduce land and citizenship reform within the Rome republic.

Question 6

Cleopatra

Answer 6

Queen o Egypt, wife of Mark Antony.

Cleopatra recognized Rome as the leading power of the ancient world. She provided the material resources to fuel that power — Queen to establish a secure and profitable union between Rome and Egypt.

Question 7

Mark Antony

Answer 7

was the Roman politician and general.

He was an ally of Julius Caesar and the main rival of his successor Octavian (later Augustus). With those two men, he was integral to Rome’s transition from republic to empire. His romantic and political alliance with the Egyptian queen Cleopatra was his ultimate undoing

Question 8

Octavian/Augustus

Answer 8

he was a Roman statesman and military leader who was the first Emperor of the Roman Empire

Question 9

Julius Caesar

Answer 9

Roman general responsible for conquest of Gaul;

brought army to Rome and overthrew republic by conservative senators.

Question 10

Cicero

Answer 10

Conservative Rome senator;
Stoic philosopher;
one of great orators of his day;
killed in reaction to assassination of Julius Caesar.

Question 11

Livy

Answer 11

(Titus Livius)was a Roman historian. He wrote a monumental history of Rome and the Roman people – Ab Urbe Condita Libri – covering the period from the earliest legends of Rome before the traditional foundation in 753 BC through the reign of Augustus in Livy’s own lifetime.

Question 12

Ovid

Answer 12

The first major Roman poet to begin his career during the reign of Augustus.
best known for the Metamorphoses, a 15-book continuous mythological narrative written in the meter of epic, and for works in elegiac couplets such as Ars Amatoria (“The Art of Love”) and Fasti.

Question 13

Vergil

Answer 13

One of greatest of Roman poets during “Golden Age”
of Latin Literature;
patronized by Augustus;
author of Aeneid.

Question 14

Augustine

Answer 14

Influential church father and theologian;
born if Africa and ultimately bishop of Hippo in Africa;
champion of Christian doctrine against various heresies and very important in the long-term development of Christian thought on such issues as predestination.

Question 15

Hannibal Barca

Answer 15

Hannibal Barca was a general and statesman from Ancient Carthage who is widely considered one of the greatest military commanders in history.

Question 16

Paul

Answer 16

Paul the Apostle known as Saint Paul;
who taught the gospel of Christ to the first-century world;
in the mid-30s to the mid-50s AD he founded several churches in Asia Minor and Europe.

Question 17

Jesus

Answer 17

(Nazareth)
Prophet and teacher among the Jews;
believed by Christians to be the Messiah;
executed c 30 c.e.

Question 18

Punic war

Answer 18

The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage from 264 BC to 146 BC. At the time, they were some of the largest wars that had ever taken place

Question 19

The Battle of Actium

Answer 19

The Battle of Actium was the decisive confrontation of the Final War of the Roman Republic, a naval engagement between Octavian and the combined forces of Mark Antony and Cleopatra on 2 September 31 BC, on the Ionian Sea near the promontory of Actium, in the Roman province of Epirus Vetus in Greece.

Question 20

Ptolemaic Egypt

Answer 20

The Ptolemaic dynasty, sometimes also known as the Lagids, was a Macedonian Greek royal family, which ruled the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt during the Hellenistic period.

It was the last dynasty of ancient Egypt.

Question 21

Carthage

Answer 21

originally a Phoenician colony in northern Africa;

became a major port and commercial power in the western Mediterranean;

fought the Punic war with Rome for dominance of the western Mediterranean.

Question 22

Rome

Answer 22

grew from small republic to giant empire,
the military,
with its organization and frighting zeal,
served as backbone to a complex society.

Question 23

Roman Republic and the emergence of the Roman Empire

Answer 23

The Romans established a form of government — a republic.
It all began when the Romans overthrew their Etruscan conquerors.

Once free, the Romans established a republic, a government in which citizens elected representatives to rule on their behalf. A republic is quite different from a democracy, in which every citizen is expected to play an active role in governing the state.
As Rome expanded its influence over more and more areas, its political institutions proved both resilient and adaptable, allowing it to incorporate diverse populations.

Question 24

emergence of Christianity

Answer 24

Christianity is the religion that is based on the birth, life, death, resurrection, and teaching of Jesus Christ. Christianity began in the 1st century AD as a Jewish sect in Judea but quickly spread throughout the Roman empire. Despite the early persecution of Christians, it later became the state religion.

Question 25

Roman slavery and culture

economic and social ctructure

Answer 25

Slaves of Greek origin, in particular, might be highly educated. Unskilled slaves, or those sentenced to slavery as punishment, worked on farms, in mines, and at mills. Their living conditions were brutal and their lives short. Slaves were considered property under Roman law and had no legal personhood.

Roman culture embraced Greek and Hellenistic style, creating a common cultural framework for elites throughout the Mediterranean basin.